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Hubs191 > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

regulated variable

A

for which there is a sensor and a system to ensure the variable is kepth within a normal range (set by set-point)

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2
Q

normal range

A

restricted set of values for a regulated variable, that permits optimal cell function

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3
Q

set-point

A

physiological value of any given variable (normal range flunctuates)
each person has unique set point

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4
Q

population reference range

A

set of values for a regulated variable that are considered normal and/or healhty- tends to be wider than any given individual’s normal range - 95% of people will have their set point within the normal range

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5
Q

what happens if someone deviates (a lot) from their set point

A

lead to disease, illness or symptoms of a disorder

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6
Q

negative feedback

A

opposes the variable changes (it something goes up, -ve feedback brings it back down to set point)s

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7
Q

positive feedback

A

amplifies affects

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8
Q

endocrine glands (6)

A

hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
parathyroid glands

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9
Q

2 types of hormones

A

water-soluble and lipid-soluble

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10
Q

water-soluble hormones

A

can flow freely - goes onto membrane receptors (activates 2nd messenger system to produce response)
ALL PREMADE

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11
Q

lipid-soluble

A

needs to move via carrier protein but can go INTO cell (freely diffuse through plasma membrane and bind to intercellular receptors)
STIMULATES THE CREATION OF PROTEINS (OFTEN ENZYMES) TO PRODUCE RESPONSE

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12
Q

name the lipid-soluble hormones

A

thyroid (premade)
steroids (made as required)
cortisol

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13
Q

name water-soluble hormones

A

adrenaline
thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH)
thyroid-stimulating hormones (TSH)
corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
+ most other hormones

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14
Q

what is organs/glands are involved in calcium homeostasis

A

digestive tract, bones, kindeys, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland

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15
Q

parathyroid glands (4) are… and release…

A

endocrine glands on posterior thyroid gland
secretes PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) (most important hormone for Ca homeostasis)

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16
Q

they kidneys…

A

are stimulated by PTH to secrete CALCITRTIOL + filter blood to make urine therefore also filters Ca in and out blood

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17
Q

the thyroid gland…

A

is around trchea - sescretes CALCITONIN - minor role in Ca homestasis

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18
Q

bones and calcium homeostasis

A

osteoblasts remove Ca to store in bones
osteoclasts release Ca into blood by breaking down bone
PTH, Calcitrol and calcitonin affect these processes

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19
Q

digestive system and calcium homeostasis

A

absorbs Ca - can be increased by calcitriol

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20
Q

how do you correct hypocalcemia

A

parathyroid glands detect low Ca and release parathyroid hormone - this causes the bones to use osteoclast to break bone and release Ca; kidneys have more reabsorption from pre-urine filtrate + vit D converted and secrete calcitriol - causing more absorption of Ca

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21
Q

where/how is calcitriol made and what is its function

A

made in kidneys - converted vit d
allows digestive tract to absorb more Ca

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22
Q

hypercalcemia

A

opposite of hypocalcemia - LESS PTH released

  • thyroid gland detects high Ca and releases CALCITONIN (minimal effect so its mostly the less PTH release that effect hypercalcemia
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23
Q

what glands/organs are involved in glucose homeostasis

A

pancreas (alpha and beta islet cells)
liver

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24
Q

what do alpha cells secret

A

glucagon

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25
Q

what do beta islet cells secrete

A

insulin

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26
Q

what is the function of glucagon

A

for hypoglycemia

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27
Q

how to correct hypoglycemia

A

alpha islet cells release glucagon
liver: gluconeogenesis (make new glucose), glycogenolysis (breakdown of glycogen to make new glucose)
ketone synthesis (make ketones to release into blood - when glucose is unavailable)

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28
Q

how to correct hyperglycemia

A

beta islet cells secret insulin
all body cells take in glucose
liver, skeletal muscle take excess and store as glycogen
adipose (fat) stores excess as adipose (fat/lipid)

29
Q

hypothalamus to anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic neurons release hormones into blood portal connection to ant gland cells

30
Q

hypothalamus to posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic neurons have long axons that extend into terminate in the posterior pituitary gland

31
Q

all the pituitary gland hormones are…

A

water-soluble

32
Q

posterior pituitary gland hormones are…

A

made in hypothalamic neuron cells, stored in axon until required, released into main bloodstream when AP depolarises terminal

33
Q

oxytocin

A

posterior pituitary
- stimulates milk release during breastfeeding
- stimulates contraction of uterine muscles during childbirth (+ve feedback)

34
Q

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

A

posterior pituitary gland
- stimulates kidney to reabsorb water when dehydrated
- secreted during exercise and stress

35
Q

anterior pituitary and hypothalamic neurons…

A

secrete releasing or inhibiting hormones that travel via blood portal system - bind to ant pituitary cell receptors (causing them to release hormone)

36
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

anterior pituitary
- stimulates liver, skeletal muscle + adipose (fat) for fuel mobilisation
- stimulates liver to release IGF-1

37
Q

what is IGF-1

A

Insulin-like Growth Factor -1
- tells cells to grow

38
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates thyroid gland to release thryoid hormones to increase basal metabolic rate

39
Q

adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)

A

anterior pituitary gland
- stimulates adrenal gland (cortex) to release cortisol in a daily pattern and during stress response

40
Q

general patter of hormone release from hypothalamus

A

hypothalamus
ant pituitary gland
target endocrine organ
target effectors

41
Q

growth hormone effects

A

direct:
muscle - inhibits cellular uptake of glucose
liver - stimulates glucose synthesis
adipose - increases fat breakdown

indirect:
insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1)
- CELL GROWTH

42
Q

hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis

A

stimulus - NON STRESS (circadian rhythm, low blood glucose)
hypothalamus - corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
ant pituitary - adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH)
adrenal gland - cortisol

43
Q

what does cortisol do

A

lipid-soluble
mobilises fuel (liver, skeletal muscle, adipose); pancreas (stimulate glucagon, oppose insulin= increase glucagon, decrease glucose); maintains blood pressure, suppresses/reduces inflammation to increase immunity

44
Q

adrenal glands location

A

2 adrenal glands sit on top of kidney

45
Q

adrenal gland hormones

A

cortisol (cortex - outer layer)
aldosterone - cortex
catecholamines (adrenaline = epinephrine + norepinephrine) - medulla

46
Q

hyposecretion

A

receptors = less sensitive/desensitised - respond less /not at all

47
Q

hyposecretion of cortisol + aldosterone

A

addisons disease

48
Q

addisons disease cause + symptoms

A

autoimmune disease that attacks adrenal cortex

low blood pressure, fatigue, appetite (weight loss), salty food cravings

49
Q

hypersecretion of cortisol

A

cushings disease

50
Q

cushings disease cause + symptoms

A

adrenal cortex tumor or glucocorticoid meds (for long periods)

high blood pressure, thinninng arms/legs, weight gain in torso
buffalo hump at neck; moon face
stretch marks easy bruising

51
Q

hyposecretion of growth hormone

A

dwarfism - gene mutation/inheritance

52
Q

hypersecretion of growth hormone + causes

A

gigantism - pituitary gland tumor (early childhood)
acromegaly - pituitary gland (early adulthood)

53
Q

the 3 hyposecretion disorders of thyroid hormone

A

infantile
adult
simple goitre

54
Q

infantile hypothyroidism

A

missing/poorly developed thyroid gland
poorly functioning ant pituitary
lack of iodine in mothers diet

low metabolic rate
delayed growth
swollen tongue + around eyes

55
Q

adult hypothyroidism

A

autoimmune disease
iodine deficiency
removal of thyroid gland

low metabolic rate; tired; weight gain
sensitive to cold
depression

56
Q

simple goitre

A

lack of iodine
- -no iodine = cant make thyroid hormone

no thyroid hormone = excess secretion of thyroid releasing hormone = causes thyroid to swell

57
Q

hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

A

graves disease

58
Q

grave disease

A

autoimmune disorder

high metabolic rate; weight loss
increased heart rate
sensitive to hear
exophthalmos (bulging eyes)
goitre - thyroid swelling

59
Q

calcium disorders cause…

A

parathyroid disorders

60
Q

hypersecretion of PTH + cause/symptoms

A

hyperparathyroidism - parathyroid tumor
bones become soft, deformed, fragile
kidney stones

61
Q

hyposecretion of PTH + causes/symptoms

A

damage to parathyroid glands (genetic or autoimmune disease)
- tetanus; muscle spasms/cramps
seizures
decreased/irregular cardiac function

62
Q

glucose disorders are related to….

A

insulin

63
Q

hyposecretion of insulin

A

TYPE 1 DIABETES

64
Q

what is type 1 diabetes

A

beta islet cells in pancreas get destroyed by a virus or autoimmune disease - causes high glucose conc.

65
Q

type 1 diabetes symptoms + treatment

A

polyuria, polydipsia
diabetic neuropathy + retinopathy
cardiovascular issues

  • insulin injections/infusion
66
Q

hyposensitivity and hyposecretion of insulin

A

type 2 diabetes - insulin resistance

67
Q

type 2 diabetes, causes + treatment

A

insulin receptors on target cells become insensitive to insulin (due to chronically high insulin levels)
- same as type 1

insulin, exercise, good diet

68
Q

What is calcitonin for + where is it made

A

For hypercalcemia - less absorption of ça in kidneys and REabsoprtion of ça
Made in thyroid gland (minimal effect for hypercalcemia)

Hubs191 (5 decks)

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