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HUBS191 > Nerve and muscle > Flashcards

Nerve and muscle Flashcards

1
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Brain, spinal cord, (neurons and glia x2)

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2
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A

Peripheral nerves, neurons and glia

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3
Q

What do dendrites do?

A
  • Receive input

- Send info to cell body

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4
Q

What do cell bodies of neurons do?

A
  • Contains nucleus and organelles

- Sums input

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5
Q

What does an axon do?

A
  • Carries electrical impulses

- May or may not be myelinated

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6
Q

What does an axon terminal do?

A
  • End (terminus) of the axon

- Neurotransmitter release

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7
Q

Input zone

A
  • Dendrites and cell body

- Receives chemical signals from other neurons

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8
Q

Summation zone

A
  • Axon hillock

- Decision to transmit signal further

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9
Q

Conduction zone

A
  • Axon, may be quite long

- Carry electrical signals between brain areas, to and from spinal cord, or to and from peripheral sensory receptors

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10
Q

Output zone

A
  • Axon terminals
  • Contact with input zone of other neurons
  • Release of neurotransmitter = chemical signal
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11
Q

What does an axon hillock do?

A

Makes decision about whether or not to pass on information

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12
Q

Multipolar neurons

A

Multiple processes emanate from the cell body

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13
Q

Bipolar neurons

A

Two processes emanate from the cell body

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14
Q

Unipolar neurons

A
  • One process emanates from the cell body

- Then branches into dendrites and axons

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15
Q

Anaxonic

A
  • Axonless
  • No distinct axon
  • All processes look alike
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16
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • Supply nutrients to neurons
  • Ensheath blood capillaries
  • Transmit information
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17
Q

Mircroglia

A
  • Immune cells of the CNS

- Engulf microorganisms and debris

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18
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Line fluid fulled spaces of the brain and spinal cord

- Have cilia (hair-like processes) to circulate CSF

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • Support nerve fibres

- Ensheath them with myelin

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20
Q

PNS glia

A
  • Support peripheral nerve fibres
  • Ensheath them woth myelin
  • Similar to oligodendrocytes (CNS)
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21
Q

What is myelin?

A

Lipid wrapped around axon

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22
Q

What does myelination do?

A

Increases conduction velocity

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23
Q

Afferent

A

Information that goes into the brain

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24
Q

Efferent

A

Response that comes out of the brain

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25
Q

Somatic efferent (motor)

A

Voluntary muscle control

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26
Q

Somatic afferent (sensory)

A

Sensory information we are aware of

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27
Q

Autonomic

A

The stuff we are not aware of and have no control over

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28
Q

Autonomic efferent (motor)

A

Involuntary muscle control

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29
Q

Autonomic afferent (sensory)

A

Sensory information that we don’t know about

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30
Q

Upper motor neuron

A
  • Cell body in brain

- Axon in spinal cord

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31
Q

Lower motor neuron

A
  • Cell body in spinal cord

- Axon in spinal nerve

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32
Q

Effectors

A

Skeletal muscle fibres

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33
Q

Neuron 1 between brain and effector

A
  • Cell body in brain

- Axon in brain or spinal cord (CNS)

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34
Q

Neuron 2 between brain and effector

A
  • Cell body in brain or spinal cord (CNS)

- Axon in PNS

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35
Q

Neuron 3 between brain and effector

A
  • Cell body in CNS

- Axon in PNS

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36
Q

Sympathetic

A

Prepares body for acute/stress responses

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37
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Prepares the body for restful situations

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38
Q

Sympathetic chain ganglia

A

Place where preganglionic (neuron 2) axons synapse

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39
Q

What is an action potential?

A

The basis of all neuronal communication. They are like electrical impulses

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40
Q

What creates membrane potential?

A

The distribution of ions

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41
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

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42
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

A second action potential can not be initiated no matter how large the stimulus is

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43
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Immediately after the absolute refractory period, the initiation of second action potential is inhibited but no impossible

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44
Q

What is the nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps in between myelination to increase conduction

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45
Q

Temporal summation

A

If stimuli occur one after the other, they are more likely to create an action potential

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46
Q

Spatial summation

A

If two or more stimuli reach the neuron at the same time, they will summate together so it’s more likely to create an action potential

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47
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Making connections

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48
Q

How many segments do spinal cords have?

A

31

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49
Q

Cauda Equina

A

Spinal nerve roots distal to the tip of adult spinal cord

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50
Q

White matter

A

Regions in the CNS that are dominated by myelinated axons

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51
Q

Gray matter

A

Areas in the CNS that are dominated by neuron cell bodies, neuroglia and unmyelinated axons

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52
Q

Meninges

A

Protective covering for the brain

53
Q

What are the three layers of meninges

A
  1. Dura matter
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia matter
54
Q

Dura mater five features

A
  1. Outer
  2. Dense and fibrous
  3. Two layers
  4. Space between the layers forms venus sinuses
  5. Inner layer forms the dural folds
55
Q

Dural folds three features

A
  1. Formed from inner layer of dura mater
  2. Seperate major divisions in the brain
  3. Provide stability of the brain within cranium
56
Q

Falx cerebri

A
  • Seperates cerebral hemispheres

- Median plane

57
Q

Falx cerebelli

A
  • Seperates cerebellar hemispheres

- Median plane

58
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A
  • Seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

- Horizontal plane

59
Q

Venous sinus three features

A
  1. Located where the two layers of dura mater seperate
  2. Collecting veins
  3. They collect venous blood from the brain, ‘old’ CSF after it has cycled through the ventricular system
60
Q

What is arachnoid mater

A

Layer beneath the dura mater

61
Q

Arachnoid mater five features

A
  1. Layer beneath the dura mater
  2. layer above the pia mater
  3. Does not extend into sulcui
  4. Contains 2 features - subarachnoid space, arachnoid granulations
  5. Contains blood vessels
62
Q

Special features of arachnoid mater

A

Subarachnoid space
- Between the arachnoid and the pia mater
- Filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Arachnoid granulations
- Perforate the inner layer of dura mater
- Transport ‘old’ CSF from subrachnoid space into venous sinus

63
Q

Pia mater four features

A
  1. Inner layer of the mninges
  2. Transparent and delicate
  3. Blood vessels in achnoid sit on top of pia mater
  4. Adheres to brain and follows gyri and extends into sulci
64
Q

The ventricular system four features

A
  1. Network of interconnected spaces within the brain
  2. Filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which nourishes and protects the brain
  3. Spaces lined with ependymal cells, which circulate the CSF
  4. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
65
Q

Lateral ventricles

A
  • Two of them

- One in each cerebral hemisphere

66
Q

Third ventricle

A

Located in the diencephalon

67
Q

Cerebral aqueduct

A
  • Connects 3rd ventricle to the 4th ventricle

- Located in the midbrain

68
Q

Fourth ventricle

A

Located at the level of the cerebellum

69
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) four features

A
  1. Surrounds the CNS
  2. Provides support and cushion
  3. Transports nutrients and waste
  4. Produced by choroid plexus within the ventricles
70
Q

Four lobes of the brain

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. Parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. Occipital lobe
71
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A
  • Language
  • Personality
  • Motor control
72
Q

Parietal lobe

A
  • Somatosensory
73
Q

Occipital lobe

A
  • Vision
74
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • Memory

- Hearing

75
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates frontal and parietal lobes

76
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes

77
Q

Parieto - occipital sulcus

A

Separates parietal and occipital lobes

78
Q

Transverse fissure

A

Separates cerebrum from cerebellum

79
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinating the body and cerebrum

80
Q

What does the brain stem consist of?

A
  • Mid brain
  • Pons
  • Medulla oblongata
81
Q

What are the three types of white matter?

A
  1. Commissural tracts
  2. Projection tracts
  3. Association tracts
82
Q

Neurotransmitter for somatic efferent (motor) division

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

83
Q

What horn of the spinal cord are somatic motor neurons in?

A

Ventral

84
Q

What horn of the spinal cord are the autonomic motor neurons in?

A

Lateral

85
Q

What root ganglion are the cell bodies of sensory neurons in?

A

Dorsal

86
Q

What would happen if there was damage to the dorsal nerve root?

A
  • Loss of sensation on same side of regions supplied with this spinal nerve.
87
Q

Commissural tracts

A

Axons cross from side to side; both directions

88
Q

Projection tracts

A

Axons extend between cortex and other CNS areas outside cerebrum

89
Q

Association tracts

A
  • Axons on the same side within cerebral cortex

- Communication between brain areas - short or long distance

90
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

Execution of movement

91
Q

Upper motor neuron (neuron #1)

A
  1. Cell body in primary motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
  2. Axon extends from motor cortex to spinal cord on opposite side
  3. Makes synapse on lower motor neuron
92
Q

Lower motor neuron (neuron #2)

A
  1. Cell body in ventral horn (grey matter) of spinal cord
  2. Axon extends out of spinal cord (ventral root) into body
  3. Makes synapse on skeletal muscle
93
Q

Damage to the primary motor cortex

A

Muscle weakness and paralysis in region of body corresponding to the location of damage

94
Q

Spinal reflexes

A
  • Organised neural circuit
  • Usually contained within spinal cord
  • Reproducible, automatic response to a particular stimulus
95
Q

Process of spinal reflexes

A
  1. Stimulation of a receptor
  2. Activation of a sensory neuron
  3. Information processing in the CNS
  4. Activation of a motor neuron
  5. Response of a peripheral effector
96
Q

Summation

A

The more local potentials occurring at the dendrites, the more likely the axon hillock will ‘decide’ to propagate the depolarisation

97
Q

What is a muscle spindle formed of

A

Intrafusal fibres found deep in skeletal muscle

98
Q

Withdrawal reflex

A

Often caused by painful stimulus

99
Q

What is ‘turned off’ during a withdrawal reflex

A

An inhibitory neuron

100
Q

Motor unit recruitment

A

Activate more motor units which increases the possible amount of contraction

101
Q

What is a motor unit

A

A motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates

102
Q

Stimulation frequency

A

The more frequently one motor unit is stimulated, the greater the tension produced by that motor unit over time

103
Q

What happens if a motor unit is stimulated frequently?

A

Muscle doesn’t have time to relax and tension stays high

104
Q

Planning for movement

A
  1. Decision in frontal lobe sent to pre-motor cortex
  2. Information is sent to basal nuclei and cerebellum
  3. Cerebellum helps to organise contractions of muscles in response to what is happening in environment
105
Q

Performing movement

A
  1. Primary motor cortex sends information to LMN
  2. Sensory input of many kinds of feedback to cerebellum
  3. Pre-motor cortex and cerebellum feedback to primary motor cortex - comparing intended with actual movement
  4. Primary motor cortex adjusts movement and activates again
106
Q

Role of the cerebellum

A
  • Coordinates muscles
  • Compares intended movement with actual
  • Helps maintain posture and gaze
  • Helps learn and automate movements
  • Monitors balance and maintain equilibrium and adjusts upper motor neuron activity
107
Q

Drunken gait

A

Cerebellar deficits can cause ataxia characteristic

108
Q

Special sense of CNS

A
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Taste
  • Smell
  • Balance
109
Q

Somatic sense of CNS

A
  • Touch
  • Pain
  • Warm and cold
  • Body position
110
Q

What are all sensory neurons?

A

Unipolar

111
Q

What are somatosensory sensors?

A

Sensory endings of an afferent neuron

112
Q

What do special senses have?

A

Specialised receptors which synapses into an afferent neuron

113
Q

4 types of information that describe a sensory stimulus

A

Modality, intensity, duration, location

114
Q

Modality

A

Type of sensory receptor activated

115
Q

Intensity

A
  • Frequency of action potential firing in afferent neuron
  • Relies on action potential frequency
  • Greater the intensity of the stimulus, the more action potentials produced
116
Q

Duration

A

Duration of action potential firing in afferent neuron

117
Q

Location

A

Location of sensory receptor activated

118
Q

Proprioception

A
  • Sensation of body position
  • Movement and posture
  • Maintained by muscle spindles through monitoring muscle length
119
Q

Touch

A
  • Many different receptors
  • Helps to contribute to proprioception
  • Can tell smooth from rough, moving from still, hard from soft
120
Q

Stimulus duration

A
  • Sensory receptors are most sensitive to change
  • Often show adaptation
  • Frequently repeated stimulus = more action potentials
121
Q

Receptive field

A

Region in which a stimulus can lead to activity in a particular afferent neuron

122
Q

What size field in a receptor field will give good discrimination?

A

Small

123
Q

Integration

A
  • Cerebral cortex

- Conscious sensation and perception

124
Q

Afferent neurons

A
  • Peripheral nerve

- Tract or pathway

125
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Sensory stimulus converted into action potentials

126
Q

Sensation

A
  • Conscious identification of ‘what’ and ‘where’.

- Primary region of cortex

127
Q

Perception

A
  • Meaningful interpretation of sensation

- Secondary region of cortex

128
Q

Somatotopic organisation

A

Areas of cortex correspond to areas of the body

HUBS191 (5 decks)

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