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HUBS191 > Bone and biomechanics > Flashcards

Bone and biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

The state of a steady internal, physical and chemical conditions

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2
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Line internal passageways and chambers
  • Forms secretory glands
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3
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • Fills internal spaces
  • Provides structural support
  • Stores energy
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4
Q

Nervous tissue

A
  • Conducts electrical impulses

- Carries information

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5
Q

Muscle tissue

A
  • Contracts to produce movement

- Includes skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

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6
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • Upright
  • Face forwards
  • Feet together
  • Palms face forward
  • Remains the same regardless of movement
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7
Q

Superior

A

A position above or higher than another part of the body

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8
Q

Inferior

A

A position below another part of the body and closer to the feet

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9
Q

Medial

A

The middle or direction towards the middle of the body

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10
Q

Lateral

A

The side or direction towards the side of the body

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11
Q

Proximal

A

Toward or nearest the trunk or point of origin of a body part

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12
Q

Distal

A

Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin of a body part

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13
Q

Anterior

A

The front or direction toward the front of the body

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14
Q

Posterior

A

The back or toward the back of the body

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15
Q

Cranial

A

Closer to the brain

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16
Q

Caudal

A

Closer to the tail

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17
Q

Deep

A

Further from the surface

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18
Q

Superficial

A

Closer to the surface

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19
Q

Sagittal

A

Down the middle to create a left and right side

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20
Q

Coronal

A

Down the middle to create a front and back half

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21
Q

Transverse

A

Through the middle to create a top and bottom half

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22
Q

Flexion

A
  • Decreases angle

- Fleshy parts of the limb bought closer together

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23
Q

Extension

A

Increases angle

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24
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Toes bought towards the face

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25
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Toes pointing towards the ground

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26
Q

Abduction

A

Movements at joint that moves away from the mid-line

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27
Q

Adduction

A

Movements at joint towards the midline

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28
Q

Circumduction

A

Combination of four movements - flexion, abduction, adduction, extension

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29
Q

Rotation

A

Rotation around the long axis of a joint

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30
Q

Pronation

A

Palms face posterior

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31
Q

Supination

A

Palms face anterior and forearm bones parallel

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32
Q

Inversion

A

Sole of foot faces towards the midline

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33
Q

Eversion

A

Sole of foot turns away from midline

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34
Q

Functions of the skeleton

A
  • Support
  • Movement
  • Protection of major organs
  • Storage of minerals
  • Red blood cell formation - in bone marrow
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35
Q

Compact bone

A
  • Strong

- Good at transmitting force in one direction

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36
Q

Cancellous bone

A
  • Light, spongy
  • Sock absorbing
  • Resists and channels force that come from multiple directions
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37
Q

Long bones

A
  • Longer than they are wide
  • Composed of wider epiphyses and a longer, narrower diaphysis
  • Acts as levers for movement
  • Thicker compact bone in diaphysis
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38
Q

Short bones

A
  • Close to equal width and length
  • Mostly cancellous bones
  • Weight bearing
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39
Q

Flat bones

A
  • Functional usually for muscle attachment
  • Protection
  • Thin plates of compact bone
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40
Q

Irregular bones

A
  • Various shapes and functions
  • Not long
  • Not round/square shaped
  • Not just cancellous bone
  • Not flat
  • Often have hole
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41
Q

Axial skeleton

A 
Bones of the core
Protection of vital organs  
- Skull
- Sternum
- Ribs 
- Vertebral column
- Sacrum
- Coccyx
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42
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

Bones of the limbs

Most important or movement

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43
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Clavicle - stabilising strut

Scapula - free-moving, muscle attachments

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44
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Hip bones - as coxae
Sacrum - pelvic bones + sacrum
Lots of weight bearing
Female pelvic cavity more circular

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45
Q

Organic extracellular components

A 
Collagen (protein)
Ground substance (proteoglycans)
Function = resists tension
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46
Q

Inorganic extracellular components

A

Hydroxyapatite + other calcium minerals
Mineral component makes bone hard and resistant to compression
When bone has its organic components removed making it too flexible

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47
Q

Cellular component of bone

A

Makes up 2% of bone matrix

Four types of cells - Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

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48
Q

Osteogenic cells

A

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

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49
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Makers - produce new bone matrix

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50
Q

Osteocytes

A

Maintainers - recycle protein and minerals from matrix

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51
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Destroyers - remove bone matrix

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52
Q

Osteons

A

Longitudinal unit within compact bone - pathway for nutrients to get to cells in ECM

53
Q

Central canal

A

Contains blood vessel and nerves

54
Q

Lamallae

A
  • Series of cylinders formed of ECM around the central canal
  • Forms shape of osteon
  • Collagen fibres within lamallae resists forces
55
Q

Lacunae

A

Lakes for osteocytes

56
Q

Canaliculi

A

Channels for nutrients through ECM

57
Q

Trabeculae

A

Series or group of partitions formed by bands or columns of connective tissue

58
Q

Orientation of trabeculae

A
  • Organisation of trabecular resists force from multiple directions
  • Directs force from body weight in single direction down shaft
  • Spreads force distally
59
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • When osteopenia becomes serve and clinically significant
  • Cancellous bone = trabeculae becomes thinner
  • Compression fractures of vertebrae
60
Q

Primary centres of ossification

A
  • Diaphyses (shafts)

- Develop at different times depending on the bone

61
Q

Secondary ossification centres

A

Epiphyses - same ossification process as primary centres

Seperated from diaphyses by an epiphyseal plate

62
Q

What is a joint?

A
  • Holds bone together
  • Is where bone meets
  • Involves bone shapes and soft tissues
  • Allows free movements/control of movement
63
Q

Cartilage composition

A
  • Collagen fibers in a ground substance, chondrocytes in lacuna
  • Blood vessels don’t penetrate cartilage
  • Nutrients diffused through matrix by joint loading
64
Q

Hyaline (articular) cartilage

A
  • Collagen fibers are barely visible
  • High water content in matrix
  • Function = resist compression
  • Smooth, friction-less surface
65
Q

Functions of hyaline cartilage in joints

A
  • Moulds to surface of bones where they articulate
  • Friction-less, smooth movement
  • Degrades with age
66
Q

Fibrocartilage

A
  • Collagen fibres form bundles throughout matrix
  • Orientation of fibres aligns with stresses
  • Function = resist compression and tension
67
Q

Functions of fibrocartilage in joints

A
  • Generally at articulations that experience both compression and tension
  • Depending of articular surfaces
  • Acts as a buffer/shock absorber
68
Q

Ligaments

A
  • Connect bone to bone
  • Function = restrict movement (away from themselves)
  • Mostly collagen, minimal elastin
69
Q

Tendons

A
  • Connect muscle to bone
  • Function = facilitates and control movements
  • Contraction of muscles transmitted to bone
70
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • Tissue = DFCT
  • Structure = ligaments
  • Function = limit movement, provide stability
71
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Some movement
  • Tissue = fibrocartilage
  • Connected entirely by cartilage
  • Various structures with special functions
72
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • Tissue
  • Structure = ligament
  • Function = limited movement/stability
73
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Some movement
  • Tissue = fibrocartilage
  • Various stricture with special functions
74
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • Free moving
  • Most limb joints
  • Amount of an direction of movement us determined by joint structure
75
Q

Synovial joint features

A
  • Complex association of tissues and structures
  • Facilitation of free movement and control of movement
  • Bone ends determine the range of motion at a joint
  • Hip vs knee
76
Q

Plane joint

A
  • Multiaxial
  • Sliding and gliding
  • Flat articular surfaces
77
Q

Hinge joint

A
  • Uniaxial

- Movements are flexion and extension

78
Q

Pivot joint

A
  • Uniaxial

- Movement is rotation

79
Q

Condylar joint

A
  • Biaxial
  • Flexion and extension
  • Rotation (when flexed)
80
Q

Ellipsoid joint

A
  • Biaxial
  • Flexion and extension
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Circumdation
  • No rotation
81
Q

Saddle joint

A
  • Biaxial
  • Flexion and extension
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Circumdation
  • Obligatory rotation
82
Q

Ball and socket

A
  • Multiaxial
  • Flexion and extension
  • Abduction and adduction
  • Circumduction
  • Rotation
83
Q

Osmosis

A

Sugar moving froma high to low concentration through a semi-permiable membrane

84
Q

Water in adult males

A

Water = 60%
Solids = 40%
Plasma = 4.5%
Other body fluids = <1%

85
Q

Water in adult females

A

Water = 50%
Solids = 50%
Plasma = 4.5%
Other body fluids = <1%

86
Q

What is plasma?

A

Liquid of the blood

87
Q

Isotonic

A

The ECF and ICF are in balance, with the two solutions

88
Q

Hypertonic

A

Amount of solute outside is too high
Shrinks
Water loss from ECF ecreases volume and makes the solution hypertonic with respect to the ICF

89
Q

Hypotonic

A

Too much water
Swelling
Water moves from low concentration of solutes to restore osmotic equilibrium

90
Q

Excitable tissues

A

Neurons and muscles - excitable membrane potential
Epithelial cells also have a membrane potential - but not excitable
Excitation is accompanied by action potential, disturbed along the cellular membrane

91
Q

Cations (+)

A

A positively charged ion

92
Q

Examples of cations

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+

93
Q

Anions (-)

A

A negatively charged ion

94
Q

Examples of anions

A

Cl-, proteins

95
Q

Ion channels or pores

A

Channels which allow crossing over of ions between cells

96
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Mainly line hollow organs (e.g. gut, blood vessles).

NOT under voluntary control

97
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Located only in the heart, it generates force to pump blood around the body.
NOT under voluntary control

98
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Applies force to the bones to control posture and body movements.
IT IS under voluntary control

99
Q

Skeletal muscle: structural features

A

Skeletal muscle fibres are huge, mulitnucleate cells containing large amount of protein
Connective tissues ensheath the muscle fibres and connect fibres to the bone
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with blood vessels
Skeletal muscle is richly supplied with nerve fibres

100
Q

The sliding filament theory

A

Contractile proteins develop force by triggered molecule interaction. It allows association with myosin head with nearby thin actin filament followed by the flexing of the myosin head.

101
Q

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ)

A

Myelinated axon of a motor neuron terminates at a single point on the muscle fibre, forms an excitatory synapse

102
Q

A motor unit

A

Motor neuron cell bodies are in ventral part of spinal cord. A whole muscle is a collection of motor units

103
Q

Muscle structure and function

A

Individual muscle fibre is an individual cell.
Muscle is comprised of multiple muscle fibres
Myofibre = muscle fibre

104
Q

Neuromuscular transmission

A

The NMJ is a chemical synapse, so depolarisation at the nerve terminal results in release of neurotransmitter (ACh)

105
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission step 1

A

Action potential triggers the opening of voltage-gated calcium channels

106
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission step 2 (a&b)

A

a. Calcium ions diffuse in the axon terminal

b. Trigger synaptic vesivles to release ACh by exocytosis

107
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission step 3

A

ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft, binds to ACh-gated sodium ion channels and produces a graded depolarization

108
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission step 4

A

Depolarization ends as ACh is broken down unto acetate and choline by AChE

109
Q

Chemical synaptic transmission step 5

A

The axon terminal reabsorbs choline from the synaptic cleft and uses it to synthesize new molecules of ACh

110
Q

Muscle tension

A

Primary job of skeleton is to develop force and to apply it to the skeleton

111
Q

Length tension curve

A

The amount of force a sacrmere can produce is maximal when overla between thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments is optimal

112
Q

Rate coding and summation

A

The amount if force a fubre can produce is also proportional to the frequency of its stimulation

113
Q

Recruitment

A

The amount of force a whole muscle can produce is a function of the force produced by each fibre AND the number of fibres activated

114
Q

How much can muscle fibres shorten?

A

Up to 50%

115
Q

Arrangement of muscle fibres

A

Arranged vertically between muscle tendons
Fibres oblique to muscle tendon - pennate
Reduced shortening but greater CSA

116
Q

What is CSA

A

Number of muscle fibres

117
Q

What is pennate?

A

More fibres into same space

118
Q

Anatomical levers

A

Bones = lever
Joint = pivot or fulcrum
Muscle contraction = pull
Load = external or internal

119
Q

Types of levers with muscle attachments

A 
First = stabilise joint position 
Second = effective at overcoming loads 
Third = large range of movement and speed
120
Q

Concentric

A

Muscle is active, develops tension
Change in joint position
Shorting of muscle

121
Q

Isometric

A

Muscle is active, develops tension
No change in joint position
No change in length of muscle

122
Q

Eccentric

A

An active muscle lengthening under load

123
Q

Types of muscle role

A

Agonist
Antagonist
Stabilizer
Neutralizer

124
Q

Agonists

A

Biceps brachii

Act concentrically - shortens

125
Q

Antagonists

A

Triceps brachii

Act eccentrically - lengthens

126
Q

Stabilizers

A

When a muscle is active to hold a joint still

127
Q

Neutralizers

A

Muscle eliminates an unwanted movement caused by another muscle

128
Q

Concentric actions of muscle

A

Anterior - flexion
Lateral - abduction
Medial - adduction
Posterior - extension

129
Q

Gait cycle

A
  1. initial contact
  2. loading response
  3. mid stance
  4. terminal stance
  5. pre swing
  6. initial swing
  7. mid swing
  8. terminal swing

HUBS191 (5 decks)

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