Immune system

Question 1

Adaptive immune response

Answer 1

Requires T and B cells and MHC. Previous encounters enhace immune response.

Question 2

Adjuvant

Answer 2

A substance which makes a vaccine more effective.

Question 3

Agglurination

Answer 3

Aggregation of antigen and antibodies

Question 4

What is an allergy mediated by

Answer 4

Mast cells and IgE

Question 5

Antibody

Answer 5

Protein produced by B cells during adaptive immune response. Activate complement, neutralise toxins or opsonise pathogens.

Question 6

Antigen

Answer 6

Can be recognised by the immune system

Question 7

Antigen presenting cells (APC)

Answer 7

White blood cells expressing MHC-II. APC phagocytose antigens from microbes and present these antigens to both CD4 and CD8 T cells.

Question 8

B cells

Answer 8

Involved in antibody production. Receive help from helper T cells and differentiate into antibody producing cells and memory B cells.

Question 9

B cell receptor

Answer 9

Membrane bound antibody expressed by mainly naïve B cells. B cell signalling and antigen uptake

Question 10

CD4 helper Tcell

Answer 10

Required for initiation of cytotoxic T cell responses and stimulates antibody secretion by B cells. Secrete cytokines.

Question 11

CD8 T cells

Answer 11

Recognise antigenic peptide complexed to MHC-I

Question 12

Complement

Answer 12

Plasma proteins punch holes in membranes of microbes, opsonize microbes and contribute to inflammation

Question 13

Clonal selection

Answer 13

B and T cells have diversity of receptors which are ‘clonally’ expressed on different lymphocytes

Question 14

Cytokines

Answer 14

Soluble proteins released from a variety of cells. Involved in variety of immune functions

Question 15

Cytotoxic T cells

Answer 15

Differentiated CD8+ Tcells, which kill virally infected cells or tumor cells

Question 16

Dendritic cells

Answer 16

One of the first cells to encounter and phagocytose antigen. High levels of both MHC-I and MHC-II

Question 17

Fc-receptors

Answer 17

Receptors that bind antibody. are present on phagocytes

Question 18

Immunoglobulins

Answer 18

Family of proteins that includes antibodies and T cell receptors

Question 19

Innate immune response

Answer 19

Rapid immune response mostly mediated by phagocytosis and complement.

Question 20

Interferons

Answer 20

Class of cytokines hacing activity against viruses and intracellular bacteria

Question 21

Isotypes

Answer 21

Class of antibody that differ in the constant region of theur heavy chain

Question 22

Lysozyme

Answer 22

Enzyme present in secretions that breaks down bacterial cell walls

Question 23

Macrophage

Answer 23

Phagocytic cell involved in the remvoal of microbes and apoptotic cells

Question 24

MHC-I

Answer 24

Present endogenous antigens derived from the cytoplasm

Question 25

MHC-II

Answer 25

Presents exogenous antigens derived from the endocytic pathway. Pepetide loading takes place in phagolysosome

Question 26

Mast cells

Answer 26

Cells present in the tissue that bind IgE and are involved in anti-parasite responses. Mediate allergic responses

Question 27

Memory cell

Answer 27

Memory T or B cells arise following antigenic stimulation of naïve T or B cells

Question 28

Natural killer cells

Answer 28

Lymphcytes that destroy cells that lack MHC-I

Question 29

Neutrophil

Answer 29

Most numerous white blood cell, active phagocytes

Question 30

Passive immunity

Answer 30

Occurs when antibodies are transferred to another individual to provide an immune response

Question 31

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 31

Innate receptors that sense conserved molecular structures of pathogens

Question 32

Peptides

Answer 32

Fragments of proteins composed of amino acids

Question 33

Phagolysosome

Answer 33

Acidic vesicle formed following phagocytosis of microbes, degrades proteins to peptides

Question 34

Plasma cells

Answer 34

Fully differentiate B cells that secrete large amouts of antibody

Question 35

T cells

Answer 35

Include CD4+ and CD8+T cells. T cell precursors migrate from the bone marrow to the thymus where they complete development

Question 36

T cell receptors

Answer 36

Expressed by T cells that recognise antigen fragments complexed to MHC molecules