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HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 > Neruo Class 1 > Flashcards

Neruo Class 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Signs and symptoms of meningiomas?

A

They are slow growing and because of this signs and symptoms are present when the growth pushes on the functional areas of the brain

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2
Q

What are structural brain alternations in arousal?

A

infection, vascular alterations, neoplasms, traumatic injury congenital, degenerative, polygenic traits & metabolic disorders

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3
Q

What are the 4 primary brain tumours?

A

1.) Astrocytomas
2.) Glioblastomas
3.) Meningiomas
4.) Nerve sheath

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4
Q

What are the 3 different kinds of cerebral edema?

A

1.) Cytotoxic
2.) Interstital
3.) Vasogenic

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5
Q

What is amnesia?

A

Mild or severe loss of memory

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6
Q

What is Stupor?

A

Minimal movement
-Responds in groans and moans

-Awakens briefly only with repeated stimulation

Ex.) Passed out drunk

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7
Q

What is paraplegia?

A

– weakness or paralysis of lower extremities due to spinal cord injury

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8
Q

What senses can agnosia be?

A

Can be tactile, visual, or auditory – usually only one sense is affected

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9
Q

What are metabolic alternations in arousal? What can these disorders be caused by?

A

– alterations in delivery of energy – hypoxia, electrolyte disturbances, or hypoglycemia –

disorders caused by renal or liver – alter neuron excitability as medications and toxins are not properly cleared

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10
Q

What is brain death?

A

– brain is damaged beyond the point of recovery – cannot maintain the body – brainstem functions have stopped – etiology is not reversible – i.e. drug overdose

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11
Q

What is vasogenic cerebral edema caused by?

Where does it start?

A

caused by increased permeability of the capillary endothelium of the brain, caused by injury of the vascular structures

starts in area of injury and spreads to white matter of the same side

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12
Q

Where does the arterial supply come from?

A

Arterial supply comes from internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries

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13
Q

Grade 1 and 2 astrocytomas are?

A

grade 1 & 2 slow growing – can progress to a higher grade, faster growing tumour

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14
Q

What is Lethargy?

A

Altert and originated x3 but is quite sluggish

-Sleeps frequently but wakens to voice, or gentle shaking

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15
Q

Where does the subarachnoid space lie? What does this contain?

A

Between arachnoid and Pia layers

-This contains CSF

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16
Q

What is Aphasia?

A

more sever form of dysphasia – inability to communicate using language

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17
Q

What is locked in syndrome?

A

complete paralysis of voluntary muscles – except eyes – fully conscious but unable to communicate except through eye movements

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18
Q

Signs and symptoms for all types of cerebral edema?

A

Headache, stiffness, N&V, dizziness, vision loss, memory loss, loss of muscle coordination

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19
Q

What are cerebral blood flow disorders associated with?

A

Cerebral blood flow disorders are related to decreased blood flow

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20
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

decreased muscle tone – passive movement of a muscle has little resistance if any

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21
Q

Damage to the upper neuron results in? Followed by?

A

Damage to the upper neurons results in initial paralysis followed by partial recovery

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22
Q

Frontal Lobe controls?

A

-Problem solving
-Emotional traits
-Speaking
-Voulantary motor movements
-Reasoning (judgement)

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23
Q

Characteristic of meningiomas?

A

Sharply circumscribed and adapts to the shape it occupies

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24
Q

What is disorientation?

A

progressive confusion – comes with anxiety, restlessness – starts with losing time – place - person

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25
What do astrocytomas begin as?
they begin in the astrocytes in the brain and grow at different rates, slow to very quickly
26
What are the meninges?
3 protective membranes – the dura mater, the arachnoid, and the pia matter
27
Signs and symptoms for hypotonia?
weak and tire easily, difficulty rising from sitting, walking up stairs – joints become hyperflexible – loss of muscle mass – look flabby and flat
28
What is Dyskinesia?
abnormal movements that occur as spasms – tardive dyskinesia is movements of the face – Ex.) Tourette's syndrome – unwanted tics
29
What blocks nerve regeneration?
Scarring
30
What should any new neurological symptom in a cancer patient do?
any new neurological symptom in a cancer patient should have brain metastasis ruled out first
31
Increased respiration decreases?
increased respiration decreases CO2 levels so respiration rate decreases
32
What is Dysphasia associated with?
Dysphasia is associated with cerebral vascular accidents involving specific areas of the brain
33
Where do meningiomas originate from?
Usually originate from the meningeal cells in the dura mater
34
What is selective attention?
ability to focus – we can choose what we are going to pay attention to
35
What is retrograde amnesia?
difficulty with past personal history or facts
36
Signs and symptoms of nerve sheath tumours? What are they usually?
They are Slow growing and because of this S&S depend on location. Can see muscle weakness, numbness, tingling - Usually benign
37
What is interstitial edema?
Edema that is caused by blockage of CSF pathways – treatment is dependent on cause
38
What is cushings triad?
occurs in late stages of acute head injury. Indicates that brain stem herniation is imminent
39
Parietal lobe controls?
-Sensation -Knowing right form left -Reading -Body orientation
40
What does edema promotes?
Edema prometes more edema due to ischemia
41
Signs and symptoms for hypertonia?
tire easily, weakness – passive and active affected equally, can see either hypotrophy or hypertrophy dependent on decrease in muscle use or overstimulation of muscle fibres
42
What are the 3 components of cushings triad?
Increased SBP with decreased DBP or widening pulse pressure Decreased HR Decreased RR – Irregular RR
43
What is the primary regulator for blood flow within the CNS? What does it ensure?
Carbon dioxide -It is a vasodilator -Ensure adequate blood supply
44
What is agnosia associated with?
damage caused by cerebral accidents can be caused by damage to specific areas of the brain
45
Temporal lobe controls?
-Behaviour -Understanding language -Hearing -Memory
46
Cranial nerves can be?
Cranial nerves can be both sensory and motor, or just sensory, or just motor
47
What is Dipegia?
– paralysis of corresponding parts of both sides of the body – cerebral hemisphere injuries of specific part of the brain
48
What is hyperkinesia?
– excessive purposeless movements - could be tremors, or abnormal involuntary movements
49
Glioblastomas are more common in? and have a greater incidence in?
It is more common in older adults greater incidence in men
50
Nerve regeneration depends on?
on location of injury, type of injury, inflammatory response, and scarring.
51
What do metastatic brain tumours resemble?
Metastatic brain tumours – resemble glioblastomas
52
What is hypertonia caused by?
upper neuron damage spasticity, paratonia (inability to relax muscle during assessment), dystonia (contract uncontrollably), or rigidity
53
Is amnesia Permian or temporary?
Can be both
54
What is a grade 4 astrocytoma?
Grade 4 astrocytoma is called a glioblastoma - most common and lethal type of astrocytoma
55
Consciousness is?
a state of awareness of oneself and of the environment – as well as how to respond to that environment
56
What is a vegetative state that lasts longer than 12 months considered?
A vegetative states that last longer than 12 months are considered permanent
57
What is confusion?
Progressive disorientation - forgeting things -Difficulty following commands -Restless/agitated
58
Brocas area Vs Wernickes area?
– Broca’s area – can’t create speech, Wernicke’s area – can’t comprehend speech
59
What is Hypertonia?
– increased muscle tone – passive muscle movement with resistance to stretch
60
What is obtundation?
Extreme drowsiness, minimally responsive, barely follows commands -Requires bigourious stimulation to awaken -Stays awake for mere minutes
61
What is a nerve sheath tumour?
autosomal dominant disorder – neurofibromas – can occur peripherally (Type 1)or Centrally (type 2) -Usually benign
62
What causes cerebral edema?
– distortion of blood vessels, displacement of brain tissues, increase in ICP, and eventually herniation
63
Damage to the lower neuron's leads to? Followed by?
damage to lower neurons leads to paralysis unless peripheral nerve damage is followed by nerve regeneration
64
What is ADHD?
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – ability to function is impaired by inattentiveness, hyperactivity, impulsivity
65
What does the type of astrocytoma determine?
type of astrocytoma determines its grade, the lower the grade, the slower its growth
66
What is Quadriplegia?
weakness or paralysis of all four extremities due to spinal cord injury – looking at this in our spinal cord trauma
67
What lies between the dura and arachnoid?
Subdural space
68
What does the brain rely on to regulate if LOC decreases?
– if the LOC decreases the brain relies on CO2 levels to regulate respiration
69
Early signs Vs late signs of brain tumours?
Early – headache, irritability, personality changes – progresses to increased ICP, papilledema (swelling of the optic disc), vomiting or seizures Late –hemiparesis, dysphasia, visual field deficits
70
Causes of hypotonia?
cerebral damage - causing ataxia and tremor can be paired with exaggerated reflexes spinal cord injury or cerebral vascular accident where the nerve impulses are lost
71
Cranium protects?
The brain and associated structures
72
Giloblastomas are?
glioblastoma is highly vascular, irregular, and infiltrative making surgery difficult.
73
What is Vasogenic cerebral edema?
It is the late stages of cerebral edema where the Blood-brain barrier compromised
74
Patho behind vasogenic edema?
plasma proteins leak into the extracellular spaces, drawing water to them
75
What is absent in brain death?
Absence of motor responses, no spontaneous respirations, no brain functions. Tests are performed to confirm brain death - doll’s eyes, corneal reflex, ice in ears Need to insure there is an absence confounding factors such as hypothermia or drug toxicity
76
What is a metastatic brain tumour?
Metastatic is a secondary tumour that has metastasized to the brain and is 10 times more common than primary tumours 20-40% – primary sites include lung, breast, kidney, colon, and skin
77
What is Hemiparesis/hemiplegia?
upper and lower motor neuron syndrome on one side. Usually happens with cerebral vascular accidents (stroke) weakness or the inability to move on one side of the body,
78
What is a vegetative state?
– unawareness of self or surrounding environment – does not speak or understand speech, cannot follow commands, sleep-wake cycles present, spontaneous eye opening, BP & RR
79
What is LOC? What is it tested with?
most critical clinical index – improvement or deterioration – confusion, disorientation, to coma – tested with a Glasgow coma scale – assessing if they are opening their eyes, oriented, follow commands
80
What is cytotoxic or metabolic cerebral edema?
it is the early stages of cerebral edema and the Blood-brain barrier stays intact
81
What is hypokinesia?
loss of voluntary movement – decrease or slowness of voluntary movements – delay in time that it takes to start to perform a movement
82
What happens initially and over time with spinal shock?
Initially: Complete paralysis, absence of reflexes, motor, sensory, autonomic function, including disturbances in bowel and bladder function. Shock can last hours to weeks Over time: spinal shock will resolve – damage to spinal cord remains – so initially they may have loss of all function, but as their reflexes return we get a clearer picture of what damage has been done Return of spinal reflexes marks the end of spinal shock, what ever deficits remain are what has been caused by the original injury
83
Why do metastatic brain tumours have a poor prognosis?
Poor prognosis because there is cancer somewhere else in the body that has already progressed to stage 5 – dependent on primary site of cancer – average survival is 6 months
84
What is cerebral death or irreversible coma?
death of hemispheres - not of the brainstem & cerebellum – damage is permanent – brain stem continues to maintain homeostasis - person does not speak, open their eyes or have purposeful movements, these individuals will not recover, and they are not candidates for organ donation
85
What is a astrocytoma?
- most common intracerebral brain tumour across the lifespan
86
What can selective attention deficits be caused by? What can they be?
deficits can be caused by seizures, contusions, subdural hematomas, stroke neoplasms, Alzheimer’s disease, dementia They can be Temporary, permanent, or progressive
87
What are executive attention deficits?
– inability to maintain sustained attention & working memory deficit Ex.) ADHD
88
Brain stem controls?
-Swallowing -Body temp -Breathing -Digestion -Alterness/sleep
89
Peripheral nerve is composed of? What do they contain?
Peripheral nerve is composed of individual axons wrapped in a myelin sheath Peripheral nerves contain both sensory and motor neurons
90
What do metastatic brain tumours cause?
causes headache, nervousness, depression, trembling, confusion, forgetfulness, and gait disorders
91
What is Coma?
Does not respond to verbal stimuli, does not speak -No response to pain
92
What is paresis?
condition of muscle weakness caused by nerve damage or disease – partial paralysis – can be confined to one area – limb or lower body or can be general or progressive as we may see in dementia
93
What are meningiomas?
They are a extracerbral growth in the meniniges (the membranes that surround the brain) outside of the cerebrum or brain
94
What is anterograde amnesia?
– inability to form new memories
95
Why do we need to maintain a constant cerebral perfusion pressure and to control intracranial pressure?
To adequately oxygenate the brain
96
What structure normal produces rhythmic patterns of bleeding?
Forebrain
97
What is the circle of willis?
It provides an alternative route or collateral blood flow if one of the contributing arteries is occluded – safety valve for the brain
98
Crush injury heal (blank) than (blank) injures?
Crush injuries will heal faster than cut injuries,
99
What is paralysis?
loss of muscle function in part of your body
100
What is Agnosia?
failure to recognize the form and nature of objects
101
What kind of recovery will a Injury close to the spinal cord have?
Injury close to spinal cord will have poor recovery due to the long distance between the cell body and the peripheral termination of the axon
102
What can aphasia be caused by?
Aphasia can be caused by injuries and diseased – vascular, neoplastic, traumatic, degenerative, metabolic, or infectious
103
What is Dysphasia?
impaired comprehension or production of language – disturbed or lost
104
What is spinal shock caused by?
Caused by a sudden destruction of efferent pathways (sending message down
105
What is spinal shock?
is the temporary loss of all spinal cord function below the level of the lesion – consequence of spinal cord injury
106
What are psychogenic alternations in arousal?
psychiatric disorders – appear unconsciousness but are actually awake – unresponsiveness
107
Primary Vs secondary cerebral injury/trauma?
Primary is the initial trauma – secondary is a consequence of the alterations in cerebral blood flow, intracranial pressure, and oxygen delivery Secondary injury can occur within seconds or days
108
What are problems associated with recognizing and processing sensory information dependant on?
Dependant on what area of the brain is affected

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 (9 decks)

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