Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 > Gastro - part 1 > Flashcards

Gastro - part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is dumping syndrome?

A

Rapid emptying of hypertonic chyme from the surgically residual stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a simple instetinal obstruction?

A

it is a mechanical blockage via lesion (most common)

  • luminal obstruction without impairment of blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is small volume diarrhea caused by?

A

o Ulcerative colitis
o Chron’s disease
o Microscopic colitis
o Colon cancer
o Fecal impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What symptoms contribute to acid reflex?

A

Vomiting coughing, lifting bending, obesity, or pregnancy increases abdominal pressure, contributing to reflux

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Signs and symptoms of appendicitis?

A

initially – vague epigastric pain, cramping sensation

Over 24 hours – pain becomes more localized in RLQ

Will also see anorexia, nausea or vomiting, low-grade fever, rebound tenderness on palpation

Following rupture – brief cessation of pain – untreated it is fatal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is secretory diarrhea caused by?

A

Produces large-volume diarrhea caused by:
o Viruses (ie. Rotavirus)
o Bacterial enterotoxins (ie E coli and V coli)
o Exotoxins from C difficile
o Small bowel bacterial overgrowth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is secondary constipation caused by?

A

Diet, medication, or neurological disorders in which neural pathways or neurotransmitters are altered and colon transit is delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What symptoms accompany chronic diarrhea that’s caused by inflammatory bowel disease or dysentery?

A
  • Fever
  • Cramps
  • Bloody stool
  • Steatorrhea (fat in stools)
  • Bloating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Risk factors for GERD?

A

Risk factors – age, obesity, hiatal hernia (stomach bulges up into your chest through an opening in diaphragm), medications that relax the lower esophageal sphincter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are we going to have with exposure to stomach acid in acid reflex?

A

Metaplasia due to changing cells from exposure to stomach acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Emesis?

A

forceful emptying of stomach and intestinal contents

Caused by extreme pain, stomach or duodenum distension, motion sickness, side effects of medications, trauma

Usually preceded by nausea – retching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is slow - transit constipation?

A

It involves impaired colonic motor activity with infrequent bowel movements, staring to deficated, mild abdominal distention, and palpable stool in the sigmoid colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

With GERD what may be a precursor to cancer in the esophagus?

A

stomach acid changes the lining of the esophagus – may be precursor to cancer of esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is intussusception? what population is it more common in?

A

Telescoping one part of the intestine into another (this usually causes strangulation of blood supply)

*More common in infant 10-15mon of age rather than adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is paralytic ileum?

A

(Functional GI obstruction)

failure of intentional motility that is often occurring after intestinal or abdominal surgery, acute pancreatitis, or hypokalemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Signs and Symptoms for acute gastritis?

A

vague abdominal discomfort epigastric tenderness, & bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is GERD?

A
  • More serious form of acid reflex (chronic acid reflex)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is appendicitis? What happens if it ruptures?

A

Inflammation of the appendix

If it ruptures you have stool going into tour perineum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is hematochezia?

A

bright red stools, but generally some digested blood components would have occurred producing melena

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is Ulcerative Colitis? where do we see it?

A

It is a chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration of the colonic mucosa, most commonly in the rectum and sigmoid colon

  • Ulcerations of the mucosa in the colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is secretory diarrhea?

A

Excessive muscosa secretion of fluid and electrolytes produces large volume diarrhea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is anorexia associated with?

A

o Associated with nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and psychological stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the structures of lower GI bleeds?

A

jejunum, ileum, colon, rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Nonimmune (astral) gastritis caused by?

A

H.pylori, and is associated with the use of alcohol, tobacco, and NSAIDs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How is Diarrhea classified?

A

More then 14 days to 4 weeks = persistent

more then 3 loose stools within 24 hours lasting less than 14 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How are upper GI tract bleeds characterized?

A

frank, bright red bleeding or dark grainy digested blood that has been affected by stomach acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is Steatorrhea?

A

Fat in stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the systematic effects of prolonged diarrhea?

A

 Dehydration
 Electrolyte imbalance (hyponatrmia, hypokalemia)
 Weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is functional constipation associated with?

A

o Sedentary lifestyle
o Highly refined foods
o Low fluid intake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is visceral abdominal pain?

A

It arises from the stimulus acting on an organ (distension and inflammation)

  • Poorly localized, diffuse or radiating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does Chronic immune (fundal) gastritis lead to?

A

The gastric mucosa degenerates extensively in the body and fungus of the stomach, leading to gastric atrophy

leads to gastric atrophy, which diminishes acid and intrinsic factor, causing pernicious anemia (lack of Vit B12 absorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Complications of a duodenal ulcer?

What is the most common cause of mortality, particularly among older persons with a duodenal ulcer?

A

Complications include bleeding, perforation, and obstruction of the duodenum or outlet of the stomach

  • most common cause of mortally amount older persons is bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do gastric ulcers cause more of compared to duodenal ulcers?

A

They cause more anorexia, vomiting, and weight loss than duodenal ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are predisposing factors to diverticulosis?

A

older age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, diet, sedentary lifestyle, & meds such as aspirin and NSAIDS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is parietal (somatic) abdominal pain? Where does it arise from?

A

It arises from the parietal peritoneum

**Localized and intense

  • Arises from the organs themselves
  • Pain lateralizes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What can steatorrhea indicate?

A

Alterations in liver and pancreatic functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a Cushing’s ulcer? Where are they commonly located?

A

Stress ulcer that is associated with with severe brain trauma or brain surgery

Most common site os the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is functional constipation?

A

Involves normal rate of of still passage, but there is difficulty with stool evacuation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is Gastritis?

A

It is an inflammatory disorder of the gastric mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some complications of diverticulitis?

A

abscess, fistula, obstruction, bleeding, or perforation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is alkaline reflux gastritis? Signs and symptoms?

A

-inflammation caused by reflux of bile and alkene pancreatic secretions

nausea, vomiting bile, epigastric pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is diverticulitis associated with? how is it idiopathic?

A

It is associated with increased intracolonic pressure, abnormal neuromuscular function, and alterations in intestinal motility

Idiopathic – related to increased intracolonic pressure, abnormal neuromuscular function, and alterations in intestinal motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What are the 5 indicators of constipation? How long do you need to have them for?

A

You need to have at least 2 of these indicators for 3 months

1.) Straining with defecation 25% of the time

2.) Lumpy or hard stools 25% of the time

3.) Sensation of incomplete emptying 25% of the time

4.) Manual manoeuvres to facilitate evacuation 25% of the time

5.) Fewer than 3 bowel movements per week

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Chronic immune (funal) gastritis? What is it associated with? what does it lead to?

A

Rarest from of gastritis and is associated with the loss of T cells tolerance and development of autoantibodies to gastric H+ -K+ ATPase.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Diverticulosis Vs Diverticulitis

A

Textbook: Doverticulosis is an asymptomatic diverticular disease

Diverticulitis represents inflammation - Diverticulitis – inflammation of the outpouching

Diverticulosis occurs when small, bulging pouches (diverticula) develop in your digestive tract. When one or more of these pouches become inflamed or infected, the condition is called diverticulitis

46
Q

What are diverticula?

A

They are herniations or sacklike outpourings of the mucosa and submucosa through muscle layers, usually in the wall of the sigmoid colon

47
Q

What is motility diarrhea caused by?

A

o Resection of the small intestine
o Surgery bypass along intestine
o Fistula formation between loops of intestine
o Irritable bowel syndrome – diarrhea prominent
o Diabetic neuropathy
o Hyperthyroidism
o Laxative abuse

48
Q

Signs and symptoms for ileum obstruction?

A

more pronounced distension – greater length of intestine is proximal to obstruction – vomiting is a late sign – constipation – (rarely diarrhea) – increased bowel sounds

49
Q

Where does ulcerative colitis originate in?

A

It originates in the rectum and may extend the entire colon

50
Q

Upper GI bleeds is bleeding in what areas of the upper GI tract?

A

esophagus, stomach, duodenum

51
Q

What is afferent loop obstruction? what is it a result from?

A

It is intermittent severe pain and epigastric fullness after eating as a result of volvulus, hernia, adhesion, or stenosis of duodenal stump

52
Q

Bleeding from the upper GI can be rapid enough to produce?

A

hematochezia

53
Q

Signs and symptoms of IBS? What are symptoms usually relieved with?

A

-There is alternating between consitpation and diarrhea - but one condition can be the dominant or more frequent condition

-Lower abdominal pain or discomfort and bloating

Symptoms are usually relieved with defecation and do not interfere with sleep

54
Q

What is occult bleeding? what is a result of?

A

o Slow, chronic bleed
o Not obvious
o Results in iron deficiency anemia
o Life threatening

55
Q

What are upper GI bleeds caused by?

A
  • Varicose veins in esophagus
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Arteriovenous malformations
  • Mallory-Weiss tear at esophageal-gastric junction
56
Q

Pain of gastric ulcers occur?

A

immediately after eating

57
Q

Where can diverticulosis occur in the GI tract?

A

Anywhere in the GI tract – weak points in the colon wall

58
Q

Maifestations/signs and symptoms of diverticulosis?

A

vague or absent, cramping in lower abdomen, diarrhea, constipation, distention or flatulence may occur

59
Q

What is projectile vomiting caused by?

A

It is caused by direct stimulation of the vomiting center by neurological lesions (increased cranial pressure, tumours, or aneurysms) involving the brainstem or can be a symptom of GI obstruction

60
Q

What is jaundice (icterus) caused by?

A

hyperbilirubinema increased amount of plasma bilirubin concentrations

61
Q

What is anorexia?

A

– not always the disease, it is lack of a desire to eat - no desire to eat - no craving

Side effects of medications and disorders of other organs (cancer, heart disease, kidney disease)

62
Q

Predisposing factors for diverticulosis?

A

Predisposing factors – older age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, diet, sedentary lifestyle, & meds such as aspirin and NSAIDS

63
Q

What is Crohn’s disease?

A

It is an idiopathic inflammatory disorder that affects any part of the GI tract from anus to mouth

64
Q

What is Nonimmune chronic gastritis?

A

Involves the atrium only and is more common than fundal gastritis

– involves the antrum only – follows acute gastritis

65
Q

What are adhesion intestinal obstructions?

A

excessive scar tissue after surgery – When the wound was healing the wound started to heal with the intestine – bowel isn’t function the way it should because something is mechanically wrong

66
Q

Chronic Gastrits, what does it cause?

A

Tends to occur in older adults/persons and causes inflammation, mucosal atrophy, and epithelial metaplasia

67
Q

What is a duodenal ulceration?

A

Ulceration in upper part of the small intestine - will see more a medulla

68
Q

What is IBS?

A

It is a group of symptoms that occur together

  • Currently a symptom based disease that is characterized by recurrent abdominal pain with altered habits
69
Q

What are we seeing in individuals with chronic gastritis?

A

With chronic inflammation, may see mucosal atrophy, epithelial metaplasia - immune defeicy – long term alcholoics,
We’re changing the cells – has a chance of developing carcinoma of the stomach

70
Q

What are some complications of diverticulitis?

A

abscess, fistula, obstruction, bleeding, or perforation

71
Q

Mechanism for acid reflux?

A

the LES is weak or doesn’t properly close, allowing stomach acid to backup, which irritates the lining of the esophagus.

72
Q

What are predisposing factors to diverticulosis?

A

older age, genetic predisposition, obesity, smoking, diet, sedentary lifestyle, & meds such as aspirin and NSAIDS

73
Q

Where are curling ulcers seen? What is the most common site they are located in?

A

Stress ulcers that develop as a result of burn injury

Most commonly seen in the duodenum

74
Q

Where is the vomiting center located?

A

It is located in the medulla oblongata

75
Q

What are lower GI bleeds caused by?

A
  • Polyps
  • Diverticulitis
  • Inflammatory disease
  • Cancer
  • Hemorrhoids
76
Q

Risk factors for peptic ulcers?

A

Alcohol consumption
Smoking
Injury or trauma
Psychological stress
Older than 70

77
Q

What is a Gastric ulceration? What do they tend to be more of?

A

Ulceration in the stomach lining

They tend to be more chronic rather than alternating between periods of remission and exacerbation

78
Q

What is Pelvic Floor Dysfunction/Outlet dysfunction? Examples?

A
  • Inability to poop due to dysfunction of pelvic floor muscles or anal sphincter

Ex:
o Pelvic floor dyssynergia
o Rectal fissures
o Strictures
o Hemorrhoids

79
Q

What is projectile vomiting?

A

vomiting not preceded by nausea or retching

80
Q

What precedes vomiting?

A

o Nausea and retching precede vomiting

 Also preceded by hypersalivation and tachycardia

81
Q

Signs + symptoms of chronic gastritis?

A

Can include vague symptoms of anorexia, fullness, nausea, vomiting, and epigastric pain

82
Q

What is acute gastritis?

A

injury of mucosal barrier, can be caused by medications (NSAIDS), chemicals, or H. Pylori

83
Q

What are individuals with gastritis at risk for developing?

A

risk of developing gastric cancer due to changing of the cells

84
Q

What intestine is usually more obstructed? why?

A
  • Small intestine is usually more often obstructed due to small lumen
85
Q

Sings and symptoms of a large intestine obstruction?

A

hypogastric pain, abdominal distension – pain varies – dependent on ischemia and peritonitis. Vomiting is a late sign – vomiting up food that has gone through the digestive process – bowel obstruction has gone on way to long

86
Q

What is retching?

A

the music,ar event of vomiting without the expulsion of vomitus (dry heaving)

87
Q

Pathophysiology of osmotic diarrhea?

A
  • Nonabsorbable substance in intestine draws water into intestine
  • Increases weight and volume

o Produces large-volume diarrhea

88
Q

Signs and symptoms of dumping syndrome?

A

cramping pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, pallor, hypotension

89
Q

What is osmotic diarrhea caused by?

A

o Lactase and pancreatic enzyme deficiency

o Excessive intake of synthetic (nonabsorbable) sugars

o Full-strength tube feeding formulas

o Dumping syndrome associated with gastric resection

90
Q

What is the most common and dangerous complication of appendicits?

A

If perforation occurs, contents spill into abdominal cavity – causing peritonitis – most common and dangerous complication

91
Q

What are the most common causes of peptic ulcer disease?

A

H.pylori bacteria – affects mucous & allows stomach acid to damage lining
Medications – irritate and damage lining

92
Q

What is jaundice?

A

o Yellow discoloration of skin, mucous membranes, sclerae

93
Q

What is hepatorenal syndrome? What is it caused by?

A

it is function kidney failure that develops as a complication of advanced liver disease.

The kidney failure is not caused by primary kidney disease of other extrinsic factors by rather by portal hypertension, cardiac impairment, and other circulatory alternations with advanced liver disease.

94
Q

What is referred abdominal pain?

A
  • Visceral pain felt a distance from affected organ
  • Well localized
  • Felt in skin dermatome or deep tissue

o Ie. Cholecystitis may have pain referred to right shoulder or scapula

95
Q

what is obstructive jaundice?

A

specific type of jaundice, where symptoms develop due to a narrowed or blocked bile duct or pancreatic duct, preventing the normal drainage of bile from the bloodstream into the intestines.

 Caused by:
* Extrahepatic obstruction

o Common bile duce is blocked

 Gallstones, tumor, inflammation

o Blocked bilirubin accumulates in liver and enters bloodstream

96
Q

What is short bowel syndrome?

A

Resection of the small intestine (can lead to motility diarrhea)

97
Q

What is melena?

A

black or tarry stools that are sticky snd have a characteristic foul odour

  • Digestion of blood neon pup GI bleed
98
Q

What is diverticulosis?

A

It is inflammation of diverticula in the sigmoid colon

99
Q

Food relives what kind of pain and causes what kind of pain in ulcers?

A

Causes pain: Gastric ulcer

Relives pain: Duodenal ulcer

100
Q

What causes GERD?

A

abnormalities in lower esophageal sphincter function (resting tone is lower than normal), esophageal motility, gastric motility or emptying

101
Q

Signs and symptoms for small intestine obstruction?

A

colicky pain, distension, nausea and vomiting, pain – we feel like its cramping up because the intestine is trying to pass something when it can’t

102
Q

Examples of simple intestinal obstructions?

A

Hernia, adhesions, volvulus, and intussusception

103
Q

What endocrine or metabolic disorders can lead to secondary constipation?

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • DM
  • Hypokalemia
  • Hypercalcemia
104
Q

Patho for Ulcerative colitis?

A

1.) Mucosa is hyperaemic and colon mucosal may appear dark red

2.) Coalesce into ulcers (small erosions form)

3.) Ragged ulceration of mucosa (necrosis of mucosa)

4.) Inner muscle layer scars and thickens (narrowing of intestinal lumen)

5.) Destruction and inflammation (bleeding, cramping)

6.) Loss of absorptive mucosal surface (diarrhea, blood and purulent mucus)

105
Q

What neurological disorders can cause secondary constipation?

A
  • Parkinson’s
  • Spinal cord lesions
  • MS
  • Hirschsprung’s disease
106
Q

Causes of appendicitis?

A

Obstruction of the lumen with stool, tumours, or foreign bodies – bacterial infection

Obstruction does not allow drainage– perforation follows

*If perforation occurs, contents spill into abdominal cavity – causing peritonitis – most common and dangerous complication

107
Q

What is a hernia?

A

The protrusion of intestine through the weakness in abdominal muscles through inguinal ring

108
Q

What medications can cause secondary constipation?

A
  • Opiates
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Aluminum hydroxide
  • Anticholinergics
  • Bismuth (Peptobismol)
109
Q

Mild Vs severe Ulcerative colitis

A

Mild: Involves less mucosa so that the frequency of bowel movements, bleeding, and pain is minimal

Severe: May involve the entire colon and are characterized by abdominal pain, fever, elevated pulse rate, frequent diarrhea, urgency, bloody stools, and continuous cramping pain

110
Q

What is peptic ulcer disease?

A

a break or ulceration in the protective mucosal lining of the lower esophagus

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions