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HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 > Hemo > Flashcards

Hemo Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for children getting leukaemia?

A

Exposure to Xrays before birth

Previous chemotherapy

Genetic conditions including Down Syndrome

Developed countries and higher socioeconomic status

Family history

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2
Q

Sings and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia? (initial and late symptoms)

A

Initially suffer from:
Fatigue
Weakness
Dyspnea
Pallor

Late:
*Fingernails becoming brittle and spoon shaped
*Tongue papillae atrophy (bald fissured appearance) – soreness and burning
Angular stomatitis (sores in corners of mouth)

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3
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia classified?

A

Microcytic-hypochromic – small in size, light in color

Small erythrocytes & abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin

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4
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Leukocytosisis a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in the blood
This can be a normal protective response

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5
Q

Patho for pernicious anemia? What is the number 1 cause for it?

A

Normally intrinsic factor binds to Vitamin B12, the Vitamin B12 is then absorbed in the intestines into the blood stream.

Lack of intrinsic factor is the number one cause of pernicious anemia. Because of this lac vitamin B cannot be absorbed

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6
Q

What does H. Pylori do in pernicious anemia?

A

Imapires the absorption of vitamin B12 due to reduced stomach acid

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7
Q

What is happening with chronic kidney disease anemia?

A

Decreased erythrocyte life span

Chronic kidney disease – decreased production of erythropoietin (needed to promote RBC production) = decreased red blood cell producti

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8
Q

What is being damages in aplastic anemia?

A

Damage to bone marrow erythropoiesis

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9
Q

In sickle cell anemia how long can a vase-occulusive crisis last for? Why is it so dangerous?

A

a sickle cell crisis can last days or weeks – in brain can result in stroke – in kidneys can go into end-stage renal disease

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10
Q

What is sickle cell anemia related to?

A

Related to oxygenation, hydration, and pH of individual

Mutation in hemoglobin molecule- rigid sickle cell is able to carry oxygen

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11
Q

What are ERYTHROCYTES

A

Red Cells

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of chronic lymphoma;astic and myelogenous leukaemia?

A

Chronic phase 2-5 years – may be asymptomatic

Accelerated phase 6 – 18 months – primary symptoms develop Lymphadenopathy – swollen lymph nodes most common – can have a decrease in neutrophils - infections

Terminal blast phase – 3-6 months – splenomegaly - painful, liver enlargement – liver function not changed resembles AML symptoms

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13
Q

What is heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

5-10 days after heparin administration – marked decrease in platelet count – thrombocytopenia

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14
Q

Symptoms for infectious mononucleosis? (mono)
Infection of lymphocytes

A

Headache, malaise, joint pain, fatigue
Increases to fever, sore throat, lymph node enlargement and fatigue

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15
Q

Risk factors for non-hod gin lymphoma

A

Risk factors
Older, male, white + having one of the following:
Inherited immune disorders
Autoimmune disease
HIV/AIDS
Exposure to chemicals/pesticides

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16
Q

What disease can anemia due to chronic disease cause?

A

Autoimmune diseases – rheumatoid arthritis, systemiclupuserythematosus
Chronic infections – HIV/AIDS
Chronic kidney disease
Inflammatory bowel disease

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17
Q

CML vs CLL

A

CML – slow growing disease – immature myeloblasts

CLL – slow growing - too many immature lymphocytes
Most common in western world – longer life expectancy

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18
Q

Causes of aplastic anemia?

A

Auto immune disease - Attack your own stem cells

Radiation and chemotherapy treatments

Can come without cause – some sources cite 50% some 65% of the diagnosed cases are idiopathic – (no known cause)- exposure to radiation or certain toxic chemicals, viral infections – hepatitis may also be congenital from chromosome abnormalities

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19
Q

signs and symptoms for hemolytic anemia?

A

Abnormalpalenessor lack of color of theskin.
Yellowishskin, eyes, and mouth (jaundice)
Dark-coloredurine.
Fever.
Weakness.
Dizziness.
Confusion.
Can’t handle physical activity.

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20
Q

What does the term cystic refer to?

A

Anema pertaining to blood

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21
Q

What can leukocytosis be a response to

A

This can be a normal protective response :
-Physiological response to inflammation, infection, anesthesia, surgery, pregnancy

-Pathological response to malignancies - leukemia or hematologic disease – HIV, anemia

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22
Q

Examples of Normocytic - normochromatic anemia?

A

Aplastic anemia
post hemorrhagic anemia
-Normal in size and hemoglobin content – insufficient numbers of RBC – there is no change in the cell itself – the problem is not in the actual cell – there is not enough of them
We had healthy RBCs normal size, normal amount of hemoglobin, but through loss or destruction we have fewer in number

Hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Potential risk factors for leukaemia?

A

Smoking, previous chemotherapy, exposure to ionizing radiation – may be a link between low-dose radiation therapy and leukemia

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24
Q

What is Anemia caused by?

A

Losing too much - Hemorrhagic – blood loss – can be internal bleeding or external bleeding

Destroying too much - Hemolytic – rupturing of red blood cells

Not making enough - Nutritional deficiency – lack of iron, protein, vitamin B12 +, needed to form hemoglobin

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25
Eosiniphils and Basophils are used in?
Allergies
26
Sings and symptoms for pernicious anemia? (Early and late)
Develops slowly Early: mood swings, GI, cardiac, kidney ailments Late: Late in addition to usual signs of anemia weakness, fatigue, pallor/jaundice also have Paresthesia (painless, tingling or numbness) of feet and fingers & difficulty walking loss of appetite & weight loss sore tongue – smooth and beefy red
27
Signs and symptoms for folate deficiency anemia?
*Burning mouth syndrome - burning, scalding, or tingling feeling in the mouth -Similar to pernicious anemia Scales & fissures in mouth Dysphagia, watery diarrhea
28
What does the term lysis refer to?
cell membrane rupture - HEMOLYSIS
29
Symptoms of non-hodgkins lymphoma?
Symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma are not immediately obvious and may be mistaken for a severe cold or flu. Depending on node involvement could also have backpain, ascites, itching & skin rash, profuse night sweats 1.) Lump in your neck, armpit, or groin 2.) Feeling worn out for no reason 3.) Loosing weight but don't know why 4.) Itching all the time but don't know why 5.) Drenched in sweat during the night
30
Signs and symptoms of leukopenia?
similar to that of infection – fever and chills
31
What is hemolytic anemia?
Hemolytic disease of newborn ––Rh incompatibility
32
What is hodgkins lymphoma?
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is a type of lymphoma in which cancer moves from one lymph node to another.
33
Other than Rh incompatibility what causes hemolytic anemia?
Infections – hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by an infection of E.Coli – several days of diarrhea – can lead to a low RBC count Snake bites bee bites – venom-induced consumption coagulopathy –which can lead to prolonged or excessive bleeding Malaria – malaria parasties enter into the blood stream and infect RBC causing them to rupture lowering the circulating volume of RBCs
34
What is sickle cell anemia?
an inherited red blood cell disorder in which there aren't enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxygen throughout your body.  Hemoglobin is “sickled” there is a recessive genetic link, each parent carries the mutated gene- individually they will not carry symptoms
35
What is PICA?
PICA -  eating items that are not typically thought of as food – body is trying to replenish needed nutrients
36
What does the term sis refer to?
UNUSUAL CONDITION
37
What are the inadequate production anemias?
Iron deficiency Anemia – Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemia Pernicious Anemia (Vit B12) – Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia Folate Deficiency Anemia – Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia Aplastic Anemia – Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia Sickle Cell Anemia – Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia
38
What does the term pasty refer to?
make – PLASIA/PLASTIC GROWTH – PLASTY TO CONSTRUCT SURGICALLY
39
What is Infectious mononucleosis? what is it caused by?
Infection of lymphocytes - Mono Acute infection of lymphocytes (B cells)Infectious mononucleosis (mono), usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).
40
What is Lymphadenopathy  or adenopathy?
is disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency.  swelling of lymph nodes which can be secondary to bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, autoimmune disease, and malignancy.
41
What is happening with IBD anemia?
Depeltion of iron stores Inflammatory bowel disease – chronic blood loss and impaired iron absorption due to tissue inflammation
42
Signs and symptoms of post hemorrhagic anemia?
orthostatic hypotension, altered mental status, cool and/or clammy skin, tachycardia, and hyperventilation, decreased pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic decreases) late signs include decreased urine output and a decrease in blood pressure – if we lose over 50% of our blood we will lose pulses
43
What is the first sign of heparin induced thrombocytopenia?
First sign is a dropping platelet count - dramatic – patients receiving heparin will have coagulation blood work drawn daily
44
Normochromic Vs Hypochromic?
Normochromic is normal color Hypochromic is paler in color
45
What are the 2 kinds of leukaemia?
Acute lymphocytic leukemia, Acute myeloid leukemia
46
Neutrophils and monocytes are used to fight off?
Infection
47
Sings and symptoms of leukocytosis?
Remember this is an increase in white blood cell production Fever. Feeling weak, tired, or sick. Feeling dizzy, faint, or sweaty. Pain or tingling in your arms, legs, or abdomen. Trouble breathing, thinking, or seeing. Losing weight without trying, or a poor appetite.
48
What can iron deficiency anemia be caused by?
Can be caused by an inadequate intake of dietary iron or a chronic loss of blood Can have insufficient iron delivered to bone marrow or impaired iron use within bone marrow
49
Causes of leukocytes?
cancer or diseases of the bone marrow – antibiotics can destroy WBC
50
Signs and symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?
Same as with hemophilia - Symptoms are the same – bleeding, bruising, also sore joints due to bleeding internally due to trauma The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is excessive bleeding. bleeding may happen in areas other than at a cut or wound site. bleeding may also be apparent if someone: -bruises easily -gets small blood clots underneath their nails -bleeds in mucous membranes that line areas inside the body -produces stool that looks dark black (almost like tar) and contains some blood
51
What does the term blast refer to?
"immature" - BUD – MYELOBLAST – immature white blood cell
52
What is folate deficiency anemia classified as?
Macrocytic – normochromic Lack of Folic Acid Large cell, normal color – again does not decrease in size and develop properly
53
General symptoms of Anemia?
Dependent on type of anemia, severity, ability to compensate Fatigue Weakness Dyspnea Pallor SOB Increased susceptibly to infection PICA Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, & anorexia due to decreased oxygen to GI tract Low grade fever – if ischemic tissue
54
Chronic leukaemia?
Excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, WBCs Months or years to progress Chronic forms can be monitored for extended time before treatment to ↑effectiveness Most common in older population
55
What is non-hodkin lymphoma?
not a single disease but a group of disease - also originates in your lymphatic system. In.  non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, tumors develop from lymphocytes
56
Signs and symptoms for acute myelogenous and lymphoblastic leukemia?
– making immature WBCs instead of RBC and platelets Stormy onset – days or weeks – anemia and thrombocytopenia Fatigue due to anemia Bleeding related to thrombocytopenia Fever due to infection Anorexia Wasting of muscle Difficulty swallowing
57
General Vs localized lymphadenopathy?
Localized lymphadenopathy – drainage of an area associated with an inflammatory process or infection Generalized lymphadenopathy – rare – malignant or nonmalignant disease
58
What is leukopenia? What does it place individuals at risk for?
decrease in the number of leukocytes. white blood cells which are the body's primary defense against infection. Thus leukopenia places individuals at increased risk of infection
59
Acute leukaemia?
Rapid increase in immature blood cells Rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells over weeks or months Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia Most common forms of leukemia in children
60
Causes of folate deficiency anemia?
Chronic malnourishment Alcoholics
61
What can thrombocytopenia result in?
Platelet count < 10-15 X109 can result in spontaneous bleeding that can be fatal if it occurs in lungs, GI tract, or CNS
62
Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?
1.) Vaso-occlusive crisis Blood vessel occlusion-Log jam of sickled cells causes vasospasm 2.) Sequestration crisis Blood pooled in spleen -obstruction of a draining vein in the spleen 3.) Chronic hemolytic anemia Diminished erythropoiesis Sickle cell – erythrocyte survival is 10-20 days -Degrees in the formation of new RBCs as well as a shorter lifespan of an adult RBC that is a sickle cell
63
ALL, CLL –– too many lymphoblasts (immature lymphocytes) AML, CML – too many myeloblasts (immature granulocytes)
64
What is pernicious anemia?
Macrocytic – Normochromic Lack of Vitamin B12
65
What is leukemia?
Leukemia - Overproduction of malignant leukocytes – overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal leukocytes. – causing pancytopenia (reduction in all cellular components of blood
66
What do leukocytes do/how do they function?
Ingests foreign material and cellular debris Destroying infectious agents and cancer cells Inflammation mediation Produces antibodies
67
What is the body trying to compensate for with post hemorrhagic anemia?
Initially the body will try to compensate for blood loss, any heavy bleeding and the body will try to compensate through peripheral vasoconstriction. Trying to maintain the level of hemoglobin to the vital areas.
68
What is happening with chronic infections anemia?
Ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin HIV/AIDS – shortened RBC survival (changes in production), impaired erythropoiesis, impaired iron metabolism
69
What is Acute hemorrhagic Anemia?
Acute hemorrhage anemia – sudden drop of RBCs – mass trauma, ruptured aneurysm, gastrointestinal bleed, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, or DIC –
70
Symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Often there will be non-painful enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin.
71
What will aplastic anemia manifest as?
Will manifest as typical anemia – but it is pancytopenia – all types of cells are decreased – leukopenia and infections – thrombocytopenia – easily bruising
72
What is Plasmapheresis?
liquid part of the blood, or plasma (antibodies located in plasma), is separated from the blood cells. Typically, the plasma is replaced with another solution such as saline or albumin, or the plasma is treated and then returned to your body
73
What does the term chromic refer to?
color of cell
74
What is happening in heparin induced thrombocytopenia?
What’s happening is antibodies bind to complexes of heparin activating the platelets and promoting a prothrombotic state venous thrombosis – DVT & PE Arterial – limb ischemia – could lead to stroke or MII
75
Causes for pernicious anemia?
chronic atrophic gastritis – chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa – bacterial infection of H. pylori bacterium With gastritis body attacks healthy cells – including intrinsic factor protein (responsible for absorbing Vit B12) H. Pylori – impaired absorption of Vit B12 due to reduced stomach acid
76
What is happening with autoimmune diseases and anemia?
Inadequate production of erythropoiet rheumatoid arthritis (chronic inflammation in joints lowers production of RBCs), systemic lupus erythematosus (presence of antibodies against erythropoietin)
77
Lymphoma staging
Stage 1 – single lymph node involvement Stage 2 – 2 or more lymph nodes on same side of the diaphragm Stage 3 – lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm Stage 4 – involvement of extralymphatic organs – spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, ileum, appendix
78
What is thrombocytopenia?
Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count < 150 is thrombocytopenia

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 (9 decks)

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