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HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 > Hemo > Flashcards

Hemo Flashcards

1
Q

Risk factors for children getting leukaemia?

A

Exposure to Xrays before birth

Previous chemotherapy

Genetic conditions including Down Syndrome

Developed countries and higher socioeconomic status

Family history

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2
Q

Sings and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia? (initial and late symptoms)

A

Initially suffer from:
Fatigue
Weakness
Dyspnea
Pallor

Late:
*Fingernails becoming brittle and spoon shaped
*Tongue papillae atrophy (bald fissured appearance) – soreness and burning
Angular stomatitis (sores in corners of mouth)

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3
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia classified?

A

Microcytic-hypochromic – small in size, light in color

Small erythrocytes & abnormally reduced amounts of hemoglobin

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4
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

Leukocytosisis a condition in which the white cell (leukocyte count) is above the normal range in the blood
This can be a normal protective response

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5
Q

Patho for pernicious anemia? What is the number 1 cause for it?

A

Normally intrinsic factor binds to Vitamin B12, the Vitamin B12 is then absorbed in the intestines into the blood stream.

Lack of intrinsic factor is the number one cause of pernicious anemia. Because of this lac vitamin B cannot be absorbed

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6
Q

What does H. Pylori do in pernicious anemia?

A

Imapires the absorption of vitamin B12 due to reduced stomach acid

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7
Q

What is happening with chronic kidney disease anemia?

A

Decreased erythrocyte life span

Chronic kidney disease – decreased production of erythropoietin (needed to promote RBC production) = decreased red blood cell producti

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8
Q

What is being damages in aplastic anemia?

A

Damage to bone marrow erythropoiesis

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9
Q

In sickle cell anemia how long can a vase-occulusive crisis last for? Why is it so dangerous?

A

a sickle cell crisis can last days or weeks – in brain can result in stroke – in kidneys can go into end-stage renal disease

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10
Q

What is sickle cell anemia related to?

A

Related to oxygenation, hydration, and pH of individual

Mutation in hemoglobin molecule- rigid sickle cell is able to carry oxygen

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11
Q

What are ERYTHROCYTES

A

Red Cells

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12
Q

What are the 3 stages of chronic lymphoma;astic and myelogenous leukaemia?

A

Chronic phase 2-5 years – may be asymptomatic

Accelerated phase 6 – 18 months – primary symptoms develop Lymphadenopathy – swollen lymph nodes most common – can have a decrease in neutrophils - infections

Terminal blast phase – 3-6 months – splenomegaly - painful, liver enlargement – liver function not changed resembles AML symptoms

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13
Q

What is heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

5-10 days after heparin administration – marked decrease in platelet count – thrombocytopenia

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14
Q

Symptoms for infectious mononucleosis? (mono)
Infection of lymphocytes

A

Headache, malaise, joint pain, fatigue
Increases to fever, sore throat, lymph node enlargement and fatigue

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15
Q

Risk factors for non-hod gin lymphoma

A

Risk factors
Older, male, white + having one of the following:
Inherited immune disorders
Autoimmune disease
HIV/AIDS
Exposure to chemicals/pesticides

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16
Q

What disease can anemia due to chronic disease cause?

A

Autoimmune diseases – rheumatoid arthritis, systemiclupuserythematosus
Chronic infections – HIV/AIDS
Chronic kidney disease
Inflammatory bowel disease

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17
Q

CML vs CLL

A

CML – slow growing disease – immature myeloblasts

CLL – slow growing - too many immature lymphocytes
Most common in western world – longer life expectancy

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18
Q

Causes of aplastic anemia?

A

Auto immune disease - Attack your own stem cells

Radiation and chemotherapy treatments

Can come without cause – some sources cite 50% some 65% of the diagnosed cases are idiopathic – (no known cause)- exposure to radiation or certain toxic chemicals, viral infections – hepatitis may also be congenital from chromosome abnormalities

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19
Q

signs and symptoms for hemolytic anemia?

A

Abnormalpalenessor lack of color of theskin.
Yellowishskin, eyes, and mouth (jaundice)
Dark-coloredurine.
Fever.
Weakness.
Dizziness.
Confusion.
Can’t handle physical activity.

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20
Q

What does the term cystic refer to?

A

Anema pertaining to blood

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21
Q

What can leukocytosis be a response to

A

This can be a normal protective response :
-Physiological response to inflammation, infection, anesthesia, surgery, pregnancy

-Pathological response to malignancies - leukemia or hematologic disease – HIV, anemia

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22
Q

Examples of Normocytic - normochromatic anemia?

A

Aplastic anemia
post hemorrhagic anemia
-Normal in size and hemoglobin content – insufficient numbers of RBC – there is no change in the cell itself – the problem is not in the actual cell – there is not enough of them
We had healthy RBCs normal size, normal amount of hemoglobin, but through loss or destruction we have fewer in number

Hemolytic anemia

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23
Q

Potential risk factors for leukaemia?

A

Smoking, previous chemotherapy, exposure to ionizing radiation – may be a link between low-dose radiation therapy and leukemia

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24
Q

What is Anemia caused by?

A

Losing too much - Hemorrhagic – blood loss – can be internal bleeding or external bleeding

Destroying too much - Hemolytic – rupturing of red blood cells

Not making enough - Nutritional deficiency – lack of iron, protein, vitamin B12 +, needed to form hemoglobin

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25
Q

Eosiniphils and Basophils are used in?

A

Allergies

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26
Q

Sings and symptoms for pernicious anemia? (Early and late)

A

Develops slowly
Early:
mood swings, GI, cardiac, kidney ailments

Late:
Late in addition to usual signs of anemia weakness, fatigue, pallor/jaundice also have
Paresthesia (painless, tingling or numbness) of feet and fingers & difficulty walking
loss of appetite & weight loss
sore tongue – smooth and beefy red

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27
Q

Signs and symptoms for folate deficiency anemia?

A

*Burning mouth syndrome - burning, scalding, or tingling feeling in themouth

-Similar to pernicious anemia

Scales & fissures in mouth

Dysphagia, watery diarrhea

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28
Q

What does the term lysis refer to?

A

cell membrane rupture - HEMOLYSIS

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29
Q

Symptoms of non-hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma are not immediately obvious and may be mistaken for a severe cold or flu.

Depending on node involvement could also have backpain, ascites, itching & skin rash, profuse night sweats

1.) Lump in your neck, armpit, or groin

2.) Feeling worn out for no reason

3.) Loosing weight but don’t know why

4.) Itching all the time but don’t know why

5.) Drenched in sweat during the night

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30
Q

Signs and symptoms of leukopenia?

A

similar to that of infection – fever and chills

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31
Q

What is hemolytic anemia?

A

Hemolytic disease of newborn ––Rh incompatibility

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32
Q

What is hodgkins lymphoma?

A

Hodgkin lymphoma(HL) is a type oflymphomain which cancer moves from one lymph node to another.

33
Q

Other than Rh incompatibility what causes hemolytic anemia?

A

Infections – hemolytic uremic syndrome caused by an infection of E.Coli – several days of diarrhea – can lead to a low RBC count

Snake bites bee bites – venom-induced consumption coagulopathy –which can lead to prolonged or excessive bleeding

Malaria – malaria parasties enter into the blood stream and infect RBC causing them to rupture lowering the circulating volume of RBCs

34
Q

What is sickle cell anemia?

A

an inherited red bloodcelldisorder in which there aren’t enough healthy red bloodcellsto carry oxygen throughout your body.

Hemoglobin is “sickled” there is a recessive genetic link, each parent carries the mutated gene- individually they will not carry symptoms

35
Q

What is PICA?

A

PICA - eating items that are not typically thought of as food – body is trying to replenish needed nutrients

36
Q

What does the term sis refer to?

A

UNUSUAL CONDITION

37
Q

What are the inadequate production anemias?

A

Iron deficiency Anemia – Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemia

Pernicious Anemia (Vit B12) – Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia

Folate Deficiency Anemia – Macrocytic-Normochromic Anemia

Aplastic Anemia – Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia

Sickle Cell Anemia – Normocytic-Normochromic Anemia

38
Q

What does the term pasty refer to?

A

make – PLASIA/PLASTIC GROWTH – PLASTY TO CONSTRUCT SURGICALLY

39
Q

What is Infectious mononucleosis? what is it caused by?

A

Infection of lymphocytes - Mono

Acute infection of lymphocytes (B cells)Infectious mononucleosis(mono), usually caused by the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV).

40
Q

What is Lymphadenopathy or adenopathy?

A

is disease of the lymph nodes, in which they are abnormal in size or consistency.

swelling of lymph nodes which can be secondary to bacterial, viral, or fungal infections, autoimmune disease, and malignancy.

41
Q

What is happening with IBD anemia?

A

Depeltion of iron stores

Inflammatory bowel disease – chronic blood loss and impaired iron absorption due to tissue inflammation

42
Q

Signs and symptoms of post hemorrhagic anemia?

A

orthostatic hypotension, altered mental status, cool and/or clammy skin, tachycardia, and hyperventilation, decreased pulse pressure (difference between systolic and diastolic decreases)

late signs include decreased urine output and a decrease in blood pressure – if we lose over 50% of our blood we will lose pulses

43
Q

What is the first sign of heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

First sign is a dropping platelet count - dramatic – patients receiving heparin will have coagulation blood work drawn daily

44
Q

Normochromic Vs Hypochromic?

A

Normochromic is normal color
Hypochromic is paler in color

45
Q

What are the 2 kinds of leukaemia?

A

Acute lymphocytic leukemia,

Acute myeloid leukemia

46
Q

Neutrophils and monocytes are used to fight off?

A

Infection

47
Q

Sings and symptoms of leukocytosis?

A

Remember this is an increase in white blood cell production

Fever.

Feeling weak, tired, or sick.

Feeling dizzy, faint, or sweaty.

Pain or tingling in your arms, legs, or abdomen.

Trouble breathing,
thinking, or seeing.

Losing weight without trying, or a poor appetite.

48
Q

What can iron deficiency anemia be caused by?

A

Can be caused by an inadequate intake of dietary iron or a chronic loss of blood

Can have insufficient iron delivered to bone marrow or impaired iron use within bone marrow

49
Q

Causes of leukocytes?

A

cancer or diseases of the bone marrow – antibiotics can destroy WBC

50
Q

Signs and symptoms of vitamin K deficiency?

A

Same as with hemophilia - Symptoms are the same – bleeding, bruising, also sore joints due to bleeding internally due to trauma

The main symptom of vitamin K deficiency is excessive bleeding.

bleeding may happen in areas other than at a cut or wound site.

bleeding may also be apparent if someone:
-bruises easily
-gets small blood clots underneath their nails
-bleeds in mucous membranes that line areas inside the body
-produces stool that looks dark black (almost like tar) and contains some blood

51
Q

What does the term blast refer to?

A

“immature”

  • BUD – MYELOBLAST – immature white blood cell
52
Q

What is folate deficiency anemia classified as?

A

Macrocytic – normochromic
Lack of Folic Acid

Large cell, normal color – again does not decrease in size and develop properly

53
Q

General symptoms of Anemia?

A

Dependent on type of anemia, severity, ability to compensate
Fatigue
Weakness
Dyspnea
Pallor
SOB
Increased susceptibly to infection
PICA
Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, & anorexia due to decreased oxygen to GI tract
Low grade fever – if ischemic tissue

54
Q

Chronic leukaemia?

A

Excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, WBCs

Months or years to progress

Chronic forms can be monitored for extended time before treatment to ↑effectiveness

Most common in older population

55
Q

What is non-hodkin lymphoma?

A

not a single disease but a group of disease - also originates in your lymphatic system.

In. non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, tumors develop from lymphocytes

56
Q

Signs and symptoms for acute myelogenous and lymphoblastic leukemia?

A

– making immature WBCs instead of RBC and platelets

Stormy onset – days or weeks – anemia and thrombocytopenia
Fatigue due to anemia
Bleeding related to thrombocytopenia
Fever due to infection
Anorexia
Wasting of muscle
Difficulty swallowing

57
Q

General Vs localized lymphadenopathy?

A

Localized lymphadenopathy – drainage of an area associated with an inflammatory process or infection
Generalized lymphadenopathy – rare – malignant or nonmalignant disease

58
Q

What is leukopenia? What does it place individuals at risk for?

A

decrease in the number of leukocytes. white blood cells which are the body’s primary defense against infection. Thusleukopeniaplaces individuals at increased risk of infection

59
Q

Acute leukaemia?

A

Rapid increase in immature blood cells

Rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells over weeks or months

Immediate treatment is required in acute leukemia

Most common forms of leukemia in children

60
Q

Causes of folate deficiency anemia?

A

Chronic malnourishment
Alcoholics

61
Q

What can thrombocytopenia result in?

A

Platelet count < 10-15 X109 can result in spontaneous bleeding that can be fatal if it occurs in lungs, GI tract, or CNS

62
Q

Signs and symptoms of sickle cell anemia?

A

1.) Vaso-occlusive crisis
Blood vessel occlusion-Log jam of sickled cells causes vasospasm

2.) Sequestration crisis
Blood pooled in spleen
-obstruction of a draining vein in the spleen

3.) Chronic hemolytic anemia
Diminished erythropoiesis
Sickle cell – erythrocyte survival is 10-20 days
-Degrees in the formation of new RBCs as well as a shorter lifespan of an adult RBC that is a sickle cell

63
Q

ALL, CLL –– too many lymphoblasts (immature lymphocytes)

AML, CML – too many myeloblasts (immature granulocytes)

A
64
Q

What is pernicious anemia?

A

Macrocytic – Normochromic
Lack of Vitamin B12

65
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Leukemia - Overproduction of malignant leukocytes – overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal leukocytes. – causing pancytopenia (reduction in all cellular components of blood

66
Q

What do leukocytes do/how do they function?

A

Ingests foreign material and cellular debris

Destroying infectious agents and cancer cells

Inflammation mediation

Produces antibodies

67
Q

What is the body trying to compensate for with post hemorrhagic anemia?

A

Initially the body will try to compensate for blood loss, any heavy bleeding and the body will try to compensate through peripheral vasoconstriction. Trying to maintain the level of hemoglobin to the vital areas.

68
Q

What is happening with chronic infections anemia?

A

Ineffective bone marrow response to erythropoietin

HIV/AIDS – shortened RBC survival (changes in production), impaired erythropoiesis, impaired iron metabolism

69
Q

What is Acute hemorrhagic Anemia?

A

Acute hemorrhage anemia – sudden drop of RBCs – mass trauma, ruptured aneurysm, gastrointestinal bleed, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, or DIC –

70
Q

Symptoms of Hodgkin’s lymphoma?

A

Symptoms may include fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Often there will be non-painful enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, under the arm, or in the groin.

71
Q

What will aplastic anemia manifest as?

A

Will manifest as typical anemia – but it is pancytopenia – all types of cells are decreased – leukopenia and infections – thrombocytopenia – easily bruising

72
Q

What is Plasmapheresis?

A

liquid part of the blood, or plasma (antibodies located in plasma), is separated from the blood cells. Typically, the plasma is replaced with another solution such as saline or albumin, or the plasma is treated and then returned to your body

73
Q

What does the term chromic refer to?

A

color of cell

74
Q

What is happening in heparin induced thrombocytopenia?

A

What’s happening is antibodies bind to complexes of heparin activating the platelets and promoting a prothrombotic state
venous thrombosis – DVT & PE
Arterial – limb ischemia – could lead to stroke or MII

75
Q

Causes for pernicious anemia?

A

chronic atrophic gastritis – chronic inflammation of the gastric mucosa – bacterial infection of H. pylori bacterium

With gastritis body attacks healthy cells – including intrinsic factor protein (responsible for absorbing Vit B12)

H. Pylori – impaired absorption of Vit B12 due to reduced stomach acid

76
Q

What is happening with autoimmune diseases and anemia?

A

Inadequate production of erythropoiet

rheumatoid arthritis (chronic inflammation in joints lowers production of RBCs), systemiclupuserythematosus (presence of antibodies against erythropoietin)

77
Q

Lymphoma staging

A

Stage 1 – single lymph node involvement

Stage 2 – 2 or more lymph nodes on same side of the diaphragm

Stage 3 – lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm

Stage 4 – involvement of extralymphatic organs – spleen, thymus gland, tonsils, ileum, appendix

78
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which you have a low bloodplateletcount < 150 is thrombocytopenia

HLSC 222 - Midterterm 2 (9 decks)

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