Nephrology

Question 1

Top 5 urinary tract anomalies

Answer 1

• Absent kidney (bilateral renal agenesis = Potter’s syndrome)
• Multicystic dysplastic kidney (irregular cysts with no normal tissue)
• Duplex (upper pole ureter tends to obstruct and is associated with ureterocoele, lower pole ureter tends to reflux)
• Horseshow or pelvic kidney (abnormal caudal migration)
• Obstruction

Question 2

Causes of HTN

Answer 2

• Renin- dependent
  
  • Renal parenchymal disease
  • Renovascular
  • Renal tumours
• Coarctation of the Aorta
• Catecholamine excess
  
  • Phaechromocytoma
  • Neuroblastoma
• Endocrine
  
  • Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • Cushings
  • Hyperthyroidism
• Essential Hypertension
• Obesity
• Pharmacological
  
  • Steroids
  • Stimulant Medications (methylphenidate & dexamphetamine)
  • Recreational drugs (methamphetamine, ketamine, cocaine)
  • Liquorice

Question 3

Cause of UTI

Answer 3

• Incomplete bladder emptying due to:
  
  • Infrequent voiding
  • Vulvitis
  • Hurried micturation
  • Constipation
  • VUR
  • Neuropathic bladder