Nephrology

Question 1

What is the hallmark of hepatorenal syndrome?

Answer 1

Renal vasoconstriction

Occurs in advanced cirrhosis with ascites and portal hypertension pts. The only definitive treatment is transplantation and treatment misoprostol

Very low urine sodium <10mmol/L

Question 2

What is this clinical picture ? Post angiography status, increased serum creatinine and eosinphilia?

Answer 2

Cholesterol embolism

Question 3

What is the level of urine excretion of sodium in pre renal AKI , ATN , hepatorenal syndrome?

Answer 3

Pre renal AKI - <20
ATN, AIN - >40
HRS - very low <10

Question 4

What are the findings in Liddle syndrome?

Answer 4

Happens due to mutation in epithelial sodium channel ,Hypokalaemia, hypertension and metabolic alkalosis , suppressed renin and aldosterone.

Question 5

What is the findings in Conn syndrome?

Answer 5

Hypertension, hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis , increased aldosterone, high sodium - primary hyperaldosteronism