nephrology

Question 1

causes of normal anion gap or hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis

Answer 1

gastrointestinal bicarbonate loss: diarrhoea, ureterosigmoidostomy, fistula
renal tubular acidosis
drugs: e.g. acetazolamide
ammonium chloride injection
Addison’s disease

Question 2

Causes of a raised anion gap metabolic acidosis

Answer 2

lactate: shock, hypoxia
ketones: diabetic ketoacidosis, alcohol
urate: renal failure
acid poisoning: salicylates, methanol
5-oxoproline: chronic paracetamol use

Question 3

indications for dialysis?

Answer 3

A: Acidosis
E: Electrolyte imbalance
I: Ingestion or intoxication
O: Overload (congestive heart failure)
U: Uremia