NEPHROLOGY

Question 1

Minimal Change Disease Treatment

Answer 1

1. Oral Prednisolone
2. For steroid resistant cases —> cyclophosphamide

Question 2

Polycystic Kidney Disease Treatment

Answer 2

Tolvaptan

Question 3

Diagnosis of Amyloidosis

Answer 3

CONGO RED STAINING - apple green birefringence seen

Question 4

Pathogen Responsible for Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Answer 4

Shiga Toxin - E.coli 0175 H7

Question 5

What are the causes of raised anion gap?

Answer 5

1. hyper-albuminemia
2. hypomagnesiumia
3. hypocalcemia
4. LACTATE - shock / sepsis
5. renal failure
6. salicylates
7. Diabetic ketoacidosis
8. methanol poisoning
9. alchohol

Question 6

what are the causes of a normal anion gap?

Answer 6

1. diarrhoea
2. Addisons
3. acute tubular necrosis
4. diuretics
5. acetazolamide
6. increased chloride

Question 7

When is an urgent 2 week wait referral (for suspected urological cancer) required

Answer 7

Visible haematuria in over 45s that either is not associated with a UTI
or
that persists after successful treatment of UTI

Question 8

Management of Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome

Answer 8

1. Hospital admission
2. SUPPORTIVE MANAGEMENT - IV fluids, bloods, hemodialysis

Question 9

What is the common causative organism for peritonitis caused by peritoneal dialysis?

Answer 9

Staphylococcus epidermidis

or Staphylococcus Aureus

Question 10

What test confirms recent streptococcal infection? - Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis

Answer 10

Blood test - raised anti-streptolysin O titre and low C3