NEPHROLITHIASIS Flashcards
What is the prevalence of nephrolithiasis in men and women in industrialized countries?
12% of men, 7% of women
Recurrence rate is approximately 50% within 8 years.
What percentage of kidney stones are calcium stones?
80%
Calcium stones include calcium oxalate and calcium phosphate.
What are the main types of kidney stones by composition?
- Calcium stones
- Uric acid stones
- Struvite stones
- Cystine stones
Uric acid stones account for 10%, struvite stones for 5-10%, and cystine stones for 1%.
What is the gold standard for diagnosing nephrolithiasis?
Noncontrast CT
Ultrasound is preferred in pregnancy and children.
What is the purpose of stone analysis in nephrolithiasis?
To determine composition and guide treatment
Essential for effective management.
What is medical expulsive therapy for kidney stones?
Use of alpha-blockers (e.g., tamsulosin) to promote stone passage
Helps facilitate the natural expulsion of stones.
What is extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)?
Noninvasive stone fragmentation
A treatment option for kidney stones.
What dietary modifications are recommended for calcium stones?
- Normal calcium intake (1000-1200 mg/day)
- Low sodium
- Low protein
These changes help in preventing the formation of calcium stones.
What factors contribute to the risk of developing uric acid stones?
Low urine pH due to metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome can predispose individuals to uric acid stone formation.
What is a complication associated with struvite stones?
Infection with urease-producing bacteria (e.g., Proteus)
Struvite stones are often related to urinary infections.
What is the recommended fluid intake to prevent kidney stones?
Maintain urine volume >2.5 L/day
Adequate hydration is crucial for stone prevention.
Fill in the blank: Ureteroscopy is used for stones located in the _______.
ureter or renal pelvis
What special consideration is there for treating kidney stones in pregnant women?
Ultrasound preferred; ureteroscopy for symptomatic stones
Safety of both mother and fetus is prioritized.
True or False: Chronic kidney disease is a common complication of nephrolithiasis.
False
It is rare but possible with recurrent stones or large staghorn calculi.
What is the treatment for cystine stones?
- High fluid intake
- Alkalinization
- Thiol-binding drugs (e.g., tiopronin)
These measures help manage cystine stone formation.
What is the impact of bowel disease on kidney stone formation?
Chronic diarrhea can lead to low urine pH, low citrate, and hyperoxaluria
These changes increase the risk of stone formation.
What percentage of kidney stones are uric acid stones?
10%
Uric acid stones form due to high levels of uric acid in the urine.
What is percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) used for?
For large or complex stones
A surgical option for difficult-to-treat kidney stones.
