neoplasms Flashcards
what sort of benign tumour do we find in the squamous epithelium?
papilloma
what sort of benign tumour do we find in the glandular epithelium?
Adenoma
What sort of benign tumour do we find in the transitional epithelium?
Transitional/ urothelial papilloma
what sort of benign tumour would we find in the GIT?
Adenoma (glandular)
What sort of benign tumour would we find in the thyroid?
Adenoma (glandular)
What sort of benign tumour would we find in the bladder?
transitional/urothelial papillomas
what sort of benign tumour would we find in the ovary?
adenoma
what sort of benign tumour would we find in the breast?
Adenoma
what sort of benign tumour would we find in the skin?
squamous papilloma
is there such thing as a benign lymphoma?
no
How might a benign tumour present?
lump
bleeding
mass effect (stroke, GIT obstruction, prostatic outflow etc)
pain
how might a benign neoplasm cause death?
if they are associated severe blood loss
if they are in an inoperable site (ex. brain)
why might a 20 year old that smokes not develop a cancer until they’re 70?
because they may only have one mutation… they will continue to develop more until it becomes neoplastic
what is a ‘borderline neoplasm’?
neoplasms that show some nuclear features that suggest malignancy but not enough to be certain that neoplasm will behave as a malignant neoplasm
most commonly are ovarian neoplasms
what makes malignant tumours malignant?
they are capacle of metastasis - whether they have done so or not
what is the most common type of cancer?
carcinoma
carcinoma is a tumour of what type of tissue?
of epithelium
what does In situ mean?
that the tumour is within itself and has not spread past the basement membrane (collagen layer) which anchors it and seperates the epithelium from the underlying tissue - therefore it does not have access to lymphatics or blood vessels
where would we see in-situ carcinomas?
skin, breast, cervix,
what is the best indicator of prognosis?
the type
stage
and grade
of the cancer
where is the most common site to get Fe deficient anaemia in the colon
in the cecum - b/c there is a lot of space tedc
what is paraneoplastic syndrome?
tumour that presents with funny effects like peripheral neuropathy, dermatomyositis (which is often associated with maignancy)
how do we tell if a sample is a metastasis?
b/c it will be out of place tissue
ex) your liver will show squamus cells carcinoma… the liver shouldn’t have squamus cells….
how do you know it’s squamus cell carcinoma on microscope?
b/c it will produce keratin
how do you know it’s adenocarcinoma on microscope?
b/c produce Mucin
and glandular production
what is anaplastic carcinoma?
it is a carcinoma with an absence of differentiating features - use tumour biomarkers to differentiate
what is the biopsy of using a trucut biopsy vs. a fine needle aspirate?
using the core - we can see the archetecture and invasion of the cells - in a fine needle aspirate we only get cells- no structural components whatsoever
what are the prognostic features of a tumour?
- grade= differentiated, moderately differenciated, or poorly differenciated
- stage- most important = spread
- size
- site
- type - basal vs. small cell -
- host response- lymphocytic response to tumour
- adquacy of therapy
- Health of patient
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