neoplasms

Question 1

what sort of benign tumour do we find in the squamous epithelium?

Answer 1

papilloma

Question 2

what sort of benign tumour do we find in the glandular epithelium?

Answer 2

Adenoma

Question 3

What sort of benign tumour do we find in the transitional epithelium?

Answer 3

Transitional/ urothelial papilloma

Question 4

what sort of benign tumour would we find in the GIT?

Answer 4

Adenoma (glandular)

Question 5

What sort of benign tumour would we find in the thyroid?

Answer 5

Adenoma (glandular)

Question 6

What sort of benign tumour would we find in the bladder?

Answer 6

transitional/urothelial papillomas

Question 7

what sort of benign tumour would we find in the ovary?

Answer 7

adenoma

Question 8

what sort of benign tumour would we find in the breast?

Answer 8

Adenoma

Question 9

what sort of benign tumour would we find in the skin?

Answer 9

squamous papilloma

Question 10

is there such thing as a benign lymphoma?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

How might a benign tumour present?

Answer 11

lump

bleeding

mass effect (stroke, GIT obstruction, prostatic outflow etc)

pain

Question 12

how might a benign neoplasm cause death?

Answer 12

if they are associated severe blood loss

if they are in an inoperable site (ex. brain)

Question 13

why might a 20 year old that smokes not develop a cancer until they’re 70?

Answer 13

because they may only have one mutation… they will continue to develop more until it becomes neoplastic

Question 14

what is a ‘borderline neoplasm’?

Answer 14

neoplasms that show some nuclear features that suggest malignancy but not enough to be certain that neoplasm will behave as a malignant neoplasm

most commonly are ovarian neoplasms

Question 15

what makes malignant tumours malignant?

Answer 15

they are capacle of metastasis - whether they have done so or not

Question 16

what is the most common type of cancer?

Answer 16

carcinoma

Question 17

carcinoma is a tumour of what type of tissue?

Answer 17

of epithelium

Question 18

what does In situ mean?

Answer 18

that the tumour is within itself and has not spread past the basement membrane (collagen layer) which anchors it and seperates the epithelium from the underlying tissue - therefore it does not have access to lymphatics or blood vessels

Question 19

where would we see in-situ carcinomas?

Answer 19

skin, breast, cervix,

Question 20

what is the best indicator of prognosis?

Answer 20

the type

stage

and grade

of the cancer

Question 21

where is the most common site to get Fe deficient anaemia in the colon

Answer 21

in the cecum - b/c there is a lot of space tedc

Question 22

what is paraneoplastic syndrome?

Answer 22

tumour that presents with funny effects like peripheral neuropathy, dermatomyositis (which is often associated with maignancy)

Question 23

how do we tell if a sample is a metastasis?

Answer 23

b/c it will be out of place tissue

ex) your liver will show squamus cells carcinoma… the liver shouldn’t have squamus cells….

Question 24

how do you know it’s squamus cell carcinoma on microscope?

Answer 24

b/c it will produce keratin

Question 25

how do you know it’s adenocarcinoma on microscope?

Answer 25

b/c produce Mucin

and glandular production

Question 26

what is anaplastic carcinoma?

Answer 26

it is a carcinoma with an absence of differentiating features - use tumour biomarkers to differentiate

Question 27

what is the biopsy of using a trucut biopsy vs. a fine needle aspirate?

Answer 27

using the core - we can see the archetecture and invasion of the cells - in a fine needle aspirate we only get cells- no structural components whatsoever

Question 28

what are the prognostic features of a tumour?

Answer 28

• grade= differentiated, moderately differenciated, or poorly differenciated
• stage- most important = spread
• size
• site
• type - basal vs. small cell -
• host response- lymphocytic response to tumour
• adquacy of therapy
• Health of patient
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