Neoplasms

Question 1

____________ is the development of neoplasms , which are defined as a new growth; proliferation is not adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms, it is abnormal, serves no useful function and grows at the expense of the healthy organism

Answer 1

neoplasia

Question 2

the proliferation of normal cells is controlled by: ___________, ___________, and ___________

Answer 2

autocrine stimulation, apoptosis - genetic program of individual cells
paracrine - signals transmitted from one cell to another by direct contact
endocrine - various substances that have growth promoting or growth inhibiting effects

Question 3

in contrast, neoplasms have the following characteristics: ___________, ___________, and __________

Answer 3

autonomous, excessive, and disorganized

Question 4

____1_____ means not harmful in effect versus ______2_____ meaning very virulent or infectious

Answer 4

1 - benign

2 - malignant

Question 5

Malignant tumors of the mesenchymal cells are called ___________

Answer 5

sacromas

Question 6

benign tumors of epithelial cells are called ____________

Answer 6

adenomas

Question 7

malignant tumors of epithelial cells are called ________1______; if arising from a glad or duct ______2______

Answer 7

1 - carcinomas

2 - adenocarcinoma

Question 8

benign tumors of mesenchymal cells (ie. bone, connective tissue, muscle, cartilage) are named by adding the suffix “_____” to it.

Answer 8

“oma”

Question 9

______________ is a malignant tumor of the lymphoid cells

Answer 9

lymphoma

Question 10

___________ is a malignant tumor of the glia cells

Answer 10

gliomas

Question 11

______________ is malignant tumors of the testicular seminiferous epithelium

Answer 11

seminomas

Question 12

____________ is malignant tumors originating from embryonic cells

Answer 12

blastomas

Question 13

___________ originate from germ cells in testis and ovaries; may be malignant or benign; malignant version may also be called teratocarcinoma

Answer 13

teratomas

Question 14

_____1______ are small segments of DNA; activated _____1______ may transform normal cells into malignant cells by producing proteins with strong growth-stimulating signals to promote unregulated growth; _______2_________ (aka tumor suppressor genes) encode proteins that are able to inhibit the stimulating signals

Answer 14

1 - oncogenes

2 - anti-oncogenes

Question 15

What are the factors that provide he formation of neoplasms?

Answer 15

Advancing age, environment/lifestyle/personal behaviours/occupation, gender/genetic disposition

Question 16

_____________ is agents that are capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell.

Answer 16

carcinogens

Question 17

________________ can be environmental, industrial substances, and drugs; the actions of this type of carcinogen include locally - acting at the site of contact, mediated by intestinal bacteria, act at the site of metabolic conversion in the liver, act at the site of exception in the urine

Answer 17

chemical carcinogens

Question 18

____________ are the most important cause of exposure to radiation; sources include UV light, X-rays, Radioactive isotopes, Atomic bombs

Answer 18

Physical Carcinogens

Question 19

_______ is a potent skin carcinogen, can lead to basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, those spending much time outdoors such as fisherman, postal workers and sun bunnies are at increased risk

Answer 19

UV light

Question 20

________ are used extensively in medicine since 1895; early scientists were unaware of the carcinogenic effects and many developed cancer; radiologists are required to wear heavy lead aprons and protective gear now; done properly conventional _______ pose little risk to normal individuals except for the developing fetus of pregnant women

Answer 20

x-rays

Question 21

_______________ occur in the environment, and some are manmade; alpha, beta and especially gamma rays emitted from these materials are carcinogenic

Answer 21

radioactive isotopes

Question 22

_________________ Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused both immediate devastation and long term effects; increased incidence of leukaemia and thyroid carcinoma as well as increased incidence of common cancers such as breast, prostate and lung cancers

Answer 22

atomic bombs and fallout

Question 23

_______________ are fungi (Aspergillus flavus) , parasites and viruses (ie. Epstein Barr, Human Papilloma, Hepatitis)

Answer 23

Natural Biological Carcinogens

Question 24

______________ is when certain human cancers occur more often in certain families due to cancer genes; if tumor suppressor genes or anti-oncogenes are defective or deleted the inhibition on the chromosome for replication is missing and tumors will develop; women with a mother or sister with breast cancer has 5-6x the incidence of breast cancer (BR CA 1 and 2)

Answer 24

Genetic Influences

Question 25

_________________ some tumors are stimulated by hormones while others are inhibited; i.e. some types of breast cancer are estrogen and/or progesterone responsive and prostate cancer may be testosterone dependent; some tumors exhibit paraneoplastic syndromes: tumor cells begin secreting hormones not normal for the area

Answer 25

Hormonal Influences

Question 26

______________ normal inhibitory influences that check the growth of neoplasms are decreased when the host is immunocompromised; example: AIDS patients have an increased incidence of Kaposi's Sarcoma, a cancer of proliferating blood vessels

Answer 26

Immunodeficiency

Question 27

__________ is growth, but not spread by metastasis or infiltration of tissue

Answer 27

benign neoplasm

Question 28

___________ is growth that infiltrates tissue, metastasizes, and often reoccurs after attempts of surgical removal; synonyms: cancer, carcinoma and sarcoma

Answer 28

malignant neoplasm

Question 29

Characteristics of ________ tumors: good outcome for this type of tumor; limited growth potential; sharply demarcated from surrounding tissue, relatively easy to excise; often encapsulated; closely resembles the original tissue in structure and sometimes function; remain local and do not spread to other tissues

Answer 29

benign tumors

Question 30

Characteristics of __________ tumors: grow uncontrollably and will eventually kill the host; lack a capsule, lack borders, grow and invade surrounding tissue; not easily excised; have the ability to metastasize;

Answer 30

malignant tumors

Question 31

__________ is a benign tumor made of epithelial cells (lining of glands or ducts), arranged like a gland; _______s of the pituitary gland (Cushing's Disease) produce ACTH and stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce excess cortisol with its typical clinical symptoms, the __________ may also compress other brain structures and cause neurological symptoms

Answer 31

Adenoma

Question 32

_____________ is a benign epithelial tumor of skin (surface epithelium) or mucous membrane consisting of hypertrophied papilla covered by a layer of epithelium; included in this group are warts, condylomas and polyps

Answer 32

papilloma

Question 33

______1___ papillomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the _____1____ or _____2_______; the ______2______ papillomas are more clinically significant because they can obstruct biliary flow and cause OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE

Answer 33

1- gallbladder | 2- common bile duct

Question 34

__________ is hyperplastic lesions of the skin or mucous membranes of the genitalia caused by human papilloma virus; usually found in clusters; transmitted sexually; dysplastic changes or carcinoma of the cervix are possible

Answer 34

genital warts, human papilloma virus infection

Question 35

________ is caused by at least 60 types of human papilloma virus infection of the skin; common contagious, epithelial tumors, various location and types; course is variable, usually complete regression

Answer 35

warts

Question 36

______ is a tumor with a pedicle commonly found in the nose, uterus, colon and rectum; bleed easily; may become malignant

Answer 36

polyps

Question 37

___________is adenomatous polyps may be a risk factor for adenocarcinomas (colorectal cancer), surgical removal required; usually asymptomatic; they may also cause symptoms such as bleeding, lower abdominal cramping pain, diarrhea, and passage of mucous

Answer 37

intestinal polyps

Question 38

________ is a fatty tumor; soft, moveable, subcutaneous nodules with normal overlying skin; frequently found in multiples but in not metastatic; found most commonly on the trunk, nape of neck and forearms

Answer 38

lipoma

Question 39

___________ is a myopia consisting principally of smooth muscle tissue; benign tumors, especially seen as uterine leiomyomas; can occur in the uterine and jejunum

Answer 39

leiomyomas

Question 40

___________ is a benign, fibrous, encapsulated connective tissue tumor; irregular shape, slow in growth, and has a firm consistency; pressure or cystic degeneration may cause pain.

Answer 40

fibroma

Question 41

______________ develops primarily from squamous cells, i.e. on the skin, in the mouth, lungs, bronchi =, esophagus or cervix.

Answer 41

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 42

___________________ is a malignant tumor arising from a glandular organ; examples: adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, stomach, colon, thyroid, lungs, endometrium, breast

Answer 42

adenocarcinoma = glandular carcinoma

Question 43

__________ mucoepidermoid carcinoma: carcinoma of the minor salivary glands of the palate; adenocarcinoma of the stomach with excessive mucus production

Answer 43

mucoid cancer (mucoid = muciform, similar to mucus)

Question 44

_________________ may originate from muscle, cartilage, nerve, collagen, adipose, lymph, or blood vessel, or skin; malignant connective tissue and muscle neoplasms are: fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma; characteristic of soft tissue sarcomas: grows in a circular pattern with loss of blood supply in the center; ***clinical manifestations: many tumors are not diagnosed in their initial stage, NIGHT PAIN and PAIN is a hallmark of tumor development, and sometimes swelling

Answer 44

malignant connective tissue neoplasms

Question 45

____________ is movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another; secondary growth os a malignancy in a new locating arising from the primary growth; only malignant tumors ___________

Answer 45

metastasis

Question 46

What are the five MOST COMMON sites of metastases?

Answer 46

lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, brain