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Pathology > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

1
Q

____________ is the development of neoplasms , which are defined as a new growth; proliferation is not adequately controlled by normal regulatory mechanisms, it is abnormal, serves no useful function and grows at the expense of the healthy organism

A

neoplasia

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2
Q

the proliferation of normal cells is controlled by: ___________, ___________, and ___________

A

autocrine stimulation, apoptosis - genetic program of individual cells
paracrine - signals transmitted from one cell to another by direct contact
endocrine - various substances that have growth promoting or growth inhibiting effects

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3
Q

in contrast, neoplasms have the following characteristics: ___________, ___________, and __________

A

autonomous, excessive, and disorganized

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4
Q

____1_____ means not harmful in effect versus ______2_____ meaning very virulent or infectious

A

1 - benign

2 - malignant

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5
Q

Malignant tumors of the mesenchymal cells are called ___________

A

sacromas

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6
Q

benign tumors of epithelial cells are called ____________

A

adenomas

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7
Q

malignant tumors of epithelial cells are called ________1______; if arising from a glad or duct ______2______

A

1 - carcinomas

2 - adenocarcinoma

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8
Q

benign tumors of mesenchymal cells (ie. bone, connective tissue, muscle, cartilage) are named by adding the suffix “_____” to it.

A

“oma”

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9
Q

______________ is a malignant tumor of the lymphoid cells

A

lymphoma

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10
Q

___________ is a malignant tumor of the glia cells

A

gliomas

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11
Q

______________ is malignant tumors of the testicular seminiferous epithelium

A

seminomas

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12
Q

____________ is malignant tumors originating from embryonic cells

A

blastomas

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13
Q

___________ originate from germ cells in testis and ovaries; may be malignant or benign; malignant version may also be called teratocarcinoma

A

teratomas

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14
Q

_____1______ are small segments of DNA; activated _____1______ may transform normal cells into malignant cells by producing proteins with strong growth-stimulating signals to promote unregulated growth; _______2_________ (aka tumor suppressor genes) encode proteins that are able to inhibit the stimulating signals

A

1 - oncogenes

2 - anti-oncogenes

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15
Q

What are the factors that provide he formation of neoplasms?

A

Advancing age, environment/lifestyle/personal behaviours/occupation, gender/genetic disposition

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16
Q

_____________ is agents that are capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell.

A

carcinogens

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17
Q

________________ can be environmental, industrial substances, and drugs; the actions of this type of carcinogen include locally - acting at the site of contact, mediated by intestinal bacteria, act at the site of metabolic conversion in the liver, act at the site of exception in the urine

A

chemical carcinogens

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18
Q

____________ are the most important cause of exposure to radiation; sources include UV light, X-rays, Radioactive isotopes, Atomic bombs

A

Physical Carcinogens

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19
Q

_______ is a potent skin carcinogen, can lead to basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma, those spending much time outdoors such as fisherman, postal workers and sun bunnies are at increased risk

A

UV light

20
Q

________ are used extensively in medicine since 1895; early scientists were unaware of the carcinogenic effects and many developed cancer; radiologists are required to wear heavy lead aprons and protective gear now; done properly conventional _______ pose little risk to normal individuals except for the developing fetus of pregnant women

A

x-rays

21
Q

_______________ occur in the environment, and some are manmade; alpha, beta and especially gamma rays emitted from these materials are carcinogenic

A

radioactive isotopes

22
Q

_________________ Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused both immediate devastation and long term effects; increased incidence of leukaemia and thyroid carcinoma as well as increased incidence of common cancers such as breast, prostate and lung cancers

A

atomic bombs and fallout

23
Q

_______________ are fungi (Aspergillus flavus) , parasites and viruses (ie. Epstein Barr, Human Papilloma, Hepatitis)

A

Natural Biological Carcinogens

24
Q

______________ is when certain human cancers occur more often in certain families due to cancer genes; if tumor suppressor genes or anti-oncogenes are defective or deleted the inhibition on the chromosome for replication is missing and tumors will develop; women with a mother or sister with breast cancer has 5-6x the incidence of breast cancer (BR CA 1 and 2)

A

Genetic Influences

25
Q

_________________ some tumors are stimulated by hormones while others are inhibited; i.e. some types of breast cancer are estrogen and/or progesterone responsive and prostate cancer may be testosterone dependent; some tumors exhibit paraneoplastic syndromes: tumor cells begin secreting hormones not normal for the area

A

Hormonal Influences

26
Q

______________ normal inhibitory influences that check the growth of neoplasms are decreased when the host is immunocompromised; example: AIDS patients have an increased incidence of Kaposi’s Sarcoma, a cancer of proliferating blood vessels

A

Immunodeficiency

27
Q

__________ is growth, but not spread by metastasis or infiltration of tissue

A

benign neoplasm

28
Q

___________ is growth that infiltrates tissue, metastasizes, and often reoccurs after attempts of surgical removal; synonyms: cancer, carcinoma and sarcoma

A

malignant neoplasm

29
Q

Characteristics of ________ tumors: good outcome for this type of tumor; limited growth potential; sharply demarcated from surrounding tissue, relatively easy to excise; often encapsulated; closely resembles the original tissue in structure and sometimes function; remain local and do not spread to other tissues

A

benign tumors

30
Q

Characteristics of __________ tumors: grow uncontrollably and will eventually kill the host; lack a capsule, lack borders, grow and invade surrounding tissue; not easily excised; have the ability to metastasize;

A

malignant tumors

31
Q

__________ is a benign tumor made of epithelial cells (lining of glands or ducts), arranged like a gland; _______s of the pituitary gland (Cushing’s Disease) produce ACTH and stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce excess cortisol with its typical clinical symptoms, the __________ may also compress other brain structures and cause neurological symptoms

A

Adenoma

32
Q

_____________ is a benign epithelial tumor of skin (surface epithelium) or mucous membrane consisting of hypertrophied papilla covered by a layer of epithelium; included in this group are warts, condylomas and polyps

A

papilloma

33
Q

______1___ papillomas are the most common benign tumors affecting the _____1____ or _____2_______; the ______2______ papillomas are more clinically significant because they can obstruct biliary flow and cause OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE

A

1- gallbladder

2- common bile duct

34
Q

__________ is hyperplastic lesions of the skin or mucous membranes of the genitalia caused by human papilloma virus; usually found in clusters; transmitted sexually; dysplastic changes or carcinoma of the cervix are possible

A

genital warts, human papilloma virus infection

35
Q

________ is caused by at least 60 types of human papilloma virus infection of the skin; common contagious, epithelial tumors, various location and types; course is variable, usually complete regression

A

warts

36
Q

______ is a tumor with a pedicle commonly found in the nose, uterus, colon and rectum; bleed easily; may become malignant

A

polyps

37
Q

___________is adenomatous polyps may be a risk factor for adenocarcinomas (colorectal cancer), surgical removal required; usually asymptomatic; they may also cause symptoms such as bleeding, lower abdominal cramping pain, diarrhea, and passage of mucous

A

intestinal polyps

38
Q

________ is a fatty tumor; soft, moveable, subcutaneous nodules with normal overlying skin; frequently found in multiples but in not metastatic; found most commonly on the trunk, nape of neck and forearms

A

lipoma

39
Q

___________ is a myopia consisting principally of smooth muscle tissue; benign tumors, especially seen as uterine leiomyomas; can occur in the uterine and jejunum

A

leiomyomas

40
Q

___________ is a benign, fibrous, encapsulated connective tissue tumor; irregular shape, slow in growth, and has a firm consistency; pressure or cystic degeneration may cause pain.

A

fibroma

41
Q

______________ develops primarily from squamous cells, i.e. on the skin, in the mouth, lungs, bronchi =, esophagus or cervix.

A

squamous cell carcinoma

42
Q

___________________ is a malignant tumor arising from a glandular organ; examples: adenocarcinoma of the pancreas, stomach, colon, thyroid, lungs, endometrium, breast

A

adenocarcinoma = glandular carcinoma

43
Q

__________ mucoepidermoid carcinoma: carcinoma of the minor salivary glands of the palate; adenocarcinoma of the stomach with excessive mucus production

A

mucoid cancer (mucoid = muciform, similar to mucus)

44
Q

_________________ may originate from muscle, cartilage, nerve, collagen, adipose, lymph, or blood vessel, or skin; malignant connective tissue and muscle neoplasms are: fibrosarcoma, liposarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma; characteristic of soft tissue sarcomas: grows in a circular pattern with loss of blood supply in the center; ***clinical manifestations: many tumors are not diagnosed in their initial stage, NIGHT PAIN and PAIN is a hallmark of tumor development, and sometimes swelling

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasms

45
Q

____________ is movement of cancer cells from one part of the body to another; secondary growth os a malignancy in a new locating arising from the primary growth; only malignant tumors ___________

A

metastasis

46
Q

What are the five MOST COMMON sites of metastases?

A

lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, brain

Pathology (8 decks)

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