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Special Clientele > Neoplasms > Flashcards

Neoplasms Flashcards

0
Q

Plasm

A

Growth

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1
Q

Neo

A

New

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2
Q

Neoplasm

A

Overgrowth of cells that serves no useful purpose. Cells enlarge & divide more rapidly

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3
Q

Cancer is most common :

A

In older adults
In men
Rare in kids but still common
2nd only to cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Exaggerated response to stimuli

Increase in cell numbers (not size)

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5
Q

Tumor

A

Originally swelling or mass

Now it’s the same as a neoplasm

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6
Q

Benign neoplasm

A

Cells masses that remain localized at origin site
& limited in growth.
Some can cause serious disease

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7
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

Tumor that tends to grow, invade, & metastasize

Usually irregular shape & is made of poorly differentiated cells

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8
Q

Cancer

A

Large group of malignant neoplasticism diseases characterized by presence of malignant cells

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9
Q

Oma

A

Suffix added after tissue in which neoplasm exists

Usually benign

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10
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelium

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11
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of non-epithelial tissue

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12
Q

Adenoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of epithelial & glandular tissue

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13
Q

Lymphoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of lymph node cells. No benign counterpart

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14
Q

Melanoma

A

Malignant neoplasm of melanocytes

Nevus birthmark is benign counterpart

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15
Q

Glioma

A

Neoplasms of supporting cells (glial cells) of brain

Benign in that they don’t spread, malignant in that they usually kill the pt

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16
Q

Myeloma

A

Neoplasms of plasma cells (malignant???)

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17
Q

Neoplasms that don’t form rumors

A

Leukemia- neoplasm of lymphocytes

Erythroleukemia- neoplasms of RBCs

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18
Q

Invasion

A

Direct ext. of neoplastic cells into surrounding tissue without regard to tissue boundaries

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19
Q

Metastasis

A

Transportation of cells to a new site (thru vascular or lymphatic channels, accidental surgical transplantation or by local extension)

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20
Q

Seeding

A

Invasion of natural body cavity

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21
Q

Factors causing initiation of cancer

A

Radiation-UV, x-ray, gamma
Oncogenic viruses- Epstein Barr (mono) is linked to lymphomas
Herpes is linked to cancer of cervix and nasopharynx

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22
Q

Asbestos (6 naturally occurring silicate minerals) causes

A

Mesothelioma of lung or peritoneum

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23
Q

Vinyl chloride (used to make PVC) causes

A

Angiosarcoma of lived

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24
Q

Aromatic hydrocarbons and benzopyrene from polluted air causes…

A

Lung cancer

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25
Q

Alkylating agents interfere with cell division by. Reacting with DNA and cause…

A

Leukemia

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26
Q

Tobacco causes

A

Lung, oral cavity, upper airways, esophagus, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder

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27
Q

Diet that can cause cancer

A

High protein

Additives

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28
Q

Hormones that can cause cancer

A

Still controversial

Estrogen and synthetic estrogen

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29
Q

Immunologic factors that can cause cancer

A

Theory that cancer cells are always developing but the immune system recognizes and destroys. So if immune system is disrupted=cancer

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30
Q

Most common cancer

A

Skin

31
Q

Local Manifestations of cancer

A

Mass- may be 1st discovered manifestation
Pain- produced by localized destruction of tissue. Causes inflammation.
Obstruction- passageways can be blocked depending on where its involved
Hemorrhage- may ulcerate & bleed leading to blood loss
Pathological fracture- primary bone or metastatic cancer can invade and destroy bone…BREAST, LUNG & PROSTATE likely metastasize to bone.

32
Q

Systemic manifestations of cancer

A

INFECTION by microorganisms
Leukopenia- decrease in WBC
Inadequate nutrition

ANEMIA- bone marrow replaced by neoplastic cells. Blood loss.

CACHEXIA- generalized wasting. Loss of fat, body mass, with weakness, anorexia, and anemia.

33
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome

A

Tumor immune response that attacks normal tissue

34
Q

Diagnosis based on screening or symptoms

A

X-ray, endoscopy, isotope scan, CT scan,
Biopsy is most important: curettage, fluid aspiration, needle aspiration biopsy, dermal punch
Surgical excision

35
Q

Staging

A

Classifies tumor based on 3 factors & is adjustable as disease progresses

Is of greater clinical value than grading

Not applicable to cancers of brain, spinal cord, blood, or bone marrow

36
Q

Tumor size staging

A

TX: primary tumor can’t be evaluated
T0: no evidence of primary tumor
Tis: carcinoma in situ ( early cancer hasn’t spread)
T1-T4: size/extent of primary tumor

37
Q

Nodal involvement staging

A

NX: regional lymph nodes can’t be involved
N0: no regional lymph node involvement
N1-N3: involvement of regional lymph nodes and extent of spread

38
Q

Metastatic involvement staging

A

MX: distant metastasis can’t be evaluated
M0: no distant metastasis
M1: distant metastasis

39
Q

Grading

A

Considers resemblance of tumor tissue to normal cells, estimated growth rate, names lesion according to corresponding normal cells

The higher the the grade the higher the rate of growth and spread :(

40
Q

Different grades

A 
GX: grade cannot be assessed 
G1: well differentiated (low grade)
G2: moderately differentiated (intermediate grade)
G3: poorly differentiated (high grade) 
G4: undifferentiated (high grade)

Criteria for grades varies with each neoplasm

41
Q

Treatment of neoplasm depends on

A 
Type
Stage
Localization
Response
Clinical status
42
Q

Surgery for neoplasm.

A

Can be total or partial removal, even if just a small portion for biopsy.

Surgery is now often combined with other treatments to discourage proliferation of cells

43
Q

Benefits of surgery

A

Relieve pain
Correct obstruction
Alleviate pressure

44
Q

Goal of radiation

A

Destroy rapidly dividing cancer cells while preserving normal cells as little as possible.

Targets cellular DNA

45
Q

Treatment approaches for radiation

A

External beam radiation
Intracavitary & interstitial implants

(Brachytherapy-small implant, radiation source placed close To tumor)

46
Q

What tumors respond better to radiation

A

Those with rapidly dividing cells

47
Q

Uses for radiation

A 
Tx of localized masses not surgically accessible
When surgery would cause damage
After surgery to treat residual neoplasm
Before surgery to shrink tumor
To treat lymph nodes
48
Q

Radiation can help relieve

A 
Pain
Obstruction
Malignant effusions (fluid between tissues)
Cough
Dyspnea
Ulcerative lesions
Hemorrhage
49
Q

Systemic side effects of radiation

A 
Weakness
Fatigue
Anorexia
Nausea
Vomiting
Anemia
Diarrhea

Side effects are particular to area treated

50
Q

Radiation requires what special skin care and…

A

Frequent blood counts with emphasis on WBCs and platelets

51
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Includes anticancer drugs and hormone therapy

52
Q

Hormone therapy (form of chemo)

A

Some rumors require hormones for growth and will regress temporarily if deprived of their hormone

Prostate tumors require testosterone so take out testes or add estrogen
Some breast cancers can be temporarily controlled by removing ovaries

53
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Can inhibit growth of many rumors by inhibiting protein synthesis which suppresses growth & division of tumor cells

54
Q

Side effects of corticosteroids

A 
Hot flashes
Sweating
Impotence 
Decreased libido
Nausea and vomiting
Blood dyscrasias (abnormal elements in blood)
55
Q

Anti cancer drugs

A

Alkylating agents
Antimetabolites
Anti tumor antibodies
Plant alkaloids

56
Q

Alkylating agents

A

React with DNA and inhibit cell division by binding DNA strands together.

57
Q

Antimetabolites

A

Resemble essential compounds required for cell growth but cannot be utilized by the cell so
Metabolic process is disrupted

58
Q

Anti tumor antibodies

A

Bind with DNA and interfere with DNA dependent RNA synthesis

59
Q

Plant alkaloids

A

Disrupt mitosis

60
Q

Anti cancer drugs are used to

A 
Induce regression of tumor and its metastasis
Adjunct to surgery or radiation 
Control residual disease
Relieve pain
Relieve other symptoms
61
Q

Side effects of other cancer drugs

A

Can cause change in normal tissue

Depress bone marrow: anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia (abnormally low blood clotting platelets)

Irritate GI epithelial cells: ulceration, bleeding, vomiting, diarrhea

Destroy cell of hair follicles and skin: alone is

Pain during administration
Venous sclerosis

62
Q

Immunotherapy

A

AKA bio therapy
Used in combo with chemo or radiation and is most effective in early stages

Still experimental
Stimulates bodies immune system

63
Q

Nonspecific immunostimulation biotherapy

A

Uses bacterial agents or chemicals that nonspecifically stimulate immune system

64
Q

Intralesional stimulation biotherapy

A

Uses injection of biological agent directly into the tumor to initiate specific and nonspecific responses.

65
Q

Active specific immunostimulation biotherapy

A

Uses specific tumor antigen vaccines to stimulate the immune system

(Pts DNA or a donors)

66
Q

Adoptive transfer of immunity biotherapy

A

Uses transfer of immunologically active cells from donor with established immunity to stimulate pts immune system

67
Q

Interferon

A

Once used for antiviral applications only

Now used to stimulate antibody production and cell mediated immunity

68
Q

Bone marrow transplantation biotherapy

A

Restores hematologic and immunologic function to some types of cancers

69
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (specific type of antibody) biotherapy

A

Attach to tumor cells and when linked with toxins destroy specific cancer cells without disturbing surrounding healthy cells

Still investigational

70
Q

Colony biotherapy

A

Stimulating factors

Don’t treat cancer directly but help support pt with low blood counts

71
Q

Genetic or DNA testing of cancer cells biotherapy

A

Give info on persons outlook and what type of treatments might be best

72
Q

Pain from neoplasm may result from

A

Inflammation
Pressure
Tumor infiltration of nerves and blood vessels
Metastatic extension to bone

73
Q

Method of pain relief

A 
Narcotics & nonnarcotics
Relaxation
Biofeedback 
Distraction
Surgical excision of tumor 
Meds to reduce inflammation
Radiation therapy 
Anesthetics
74
Q

PT Tx for cancer

A

Strength and cardio system to overcome weakness

75
Q

No aerobic exercise if

A

Ambulated <50% of the time
Confined to bed
Fatigue with mild exertion

If fatigue persists more than 60 min after exercise decrease intensity

76
Q

Hemodynamics contraindicated for exercise

A

Platelet <500/ml

Modalities contraindicated because increasing circulation may increase rate of growth.

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