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MOD Midterm > Neoplasm Live - Singh > Flashcards

Neoplasm Live - Singh Flashcards

1
Q

ways benign tumor can cause harm

A
  1. spinal cord compression
  2. Airway compression
  3. Hemorrhage
  4. Hormone secretion
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2
Q

which short syllable cancers are malignant

A
  1. lymphoma
  2. Syndenoma
  3. leukemia
  4. melanoma
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3
Q

stroma is what nature in tumors

A

fibrous and scirrhous

is what makes primary clones and also microenvironment to survive

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4
Q

carcinoma has to do with

A

Epithelium (surface like skin and mucosa, Glands)

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5
Q

Sarcoma has to do with

A

Mesenchyme (Muscle, Fibrous tissues bone, cartilage, fat, BVs, RBCs)

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6
Q

Teratoma

A

has both mesenchymal and epithelial components, from more then 1 germ layer

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7
Q

Hamartoma

A

overgrowth of mature tissue in a place + disorganized tissue, usually one element predominating the tissue
= like jumbled building supplies instead of built house
EX: large polyp in SI (has fat, muscle, glands, vessels normal for SI only not organized right)

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8
Q

Choristoma

A

(heterotopic) wrong place normal tissue
= like built house in the wrong neighborhood
EX: polyp of pancreatic tissue in colon

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9
Q

metaplasia

A

when stress or something causes change in epithelium (like columnar to squamous), more voulnerable

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10
Q

dysplasia

A

when one cell is disorderly growing due to mutation and has past the first layer of cells, benign

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11
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

when disorderly growing due to mutation cells are in deep layers of the epithelium , Benign

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12
Q

which type of neoplasm is most dangerous

A

the one that is the most poorly differentiated and does not resemble the normal cell most

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13
Q

anaplasia

A

poorly differentiation in the cells (no good organizations)

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14
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor od gastric epithelium

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15
Q

how to assess tumor rate of growth

A

look at how many cells are actively dividing on microscopic image

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16
Q

how to see if divisions poorly differentiated

A

variability in cell shape and size, abnormal mitosis = you see T shape in cells, loss of polarity, anaplasia

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17
Q

when does staining a tissue help

A

when wanting to find the origin of the now malignant cells + degree of differentiation of the cells

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18
Q

what does immunostaining use

A

ABs specific to the tissue cell to stain

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19
Q

endocrine tumors are usually

A

very well differentiated, secrete a lot of the hormone that can be tumor markers at times

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20
Q

tumor markers

A

help screen for cancer or likely hood of getting something

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21
Q

acute leukemia you see

A

cancer cells stop at BLAST STAGE, you see many immature WBCs and RBCs in the circulation

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22
Q

chronic leukemia you see

A

cancer cells stop in mature stage

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23
Q

benign features

A

usually slow mitosis, not really seen on microscopic image, well differentiated

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24
Q

malignant features

A

poorly differentiated, replicating fast or slow, you see many replicating on the microscopic image, invasive

25
Q

hemorrhagic leiomyosarcoma is what B or M

A

M

26
Q

fibroadenoma is M or B

A

B

27
Q

three ways tumors spread by

A
  1. lymphatics = most common, usually goes to LN draining that area
  2. Hematogenous (A or V)
  3. Direct seeding (free compartment like peritoneal space)
28
Q

how do you know which lymph nodes to remove when getting rid of a cancer

A

inject tracer dye into tumor, the first nodes that gets this is the “sentinel” nodes
EX: lymphoadenectomy

29
Q

Virchow node

A

usually left sided supraclavicular lymphadenopathy

can be due to abd or thoracic carcinoma, in carcinomas

30
Q

right lymph duct drain what

A

right upper extremity and mid thorax

31
Q

Hematogenous mets are seen when

A

sarcomas, some carcinomas
primary lung, liver, bone
Ex : myometrial leiomyosarcoma

32
Q

trans-coelomic spread

A

direct seeding spreading from body cavities

33
Q

TNM staging

A

T : size and extent of invasion
N: degree manner of nodal mets
M : distant mets present or not

34
Q

besides respiratory airway what other organs can get cancer from smoking

A

bladder and pancreas

35
Q

screens see

A

dysplasia before it becomes cancer

can see pre-invasive lesions

36
Q

adenomatous polyp vs adenocarcinoma

A

adenomatous polyp is still benign

after severe dysplasia it can become malignant adenocarcinoma

37
Q

do most benign tumors become the malignant form of it

A

no
EXCEPTIONS :
1. colon

38
Q

reason some who smoke chronically longterm never get lung cancer

A

P450 haplotypes gene, protects some people form it
(genetics and environment play a role)
= not normal P450

39
Q

paraneoplastic syndome

A
  1. tumor secretes substances (PTH, ACTH)

2. tumor activates other factors (Auto-ABs, cytokines)

40
Q

2 examples of neoplastic syndrome

A
  1. Squamous carcinoma in lung : Humoral hypercalcemia, due to PTHrP increased
  2. Small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in lung : Cushing syndrome due to ACTH excess secretion from hypercorticolism
41
Q

Trousseau syndrome

A

a paraneoplastic thrombophilia : from pancreatic carcinoma

- increases TF and activates endothelium and fibrin deposition

42
Q

Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia cells express what

A
  1. Tissue Factor —–> F10
  2. Annexin 2 R —-> plasminogens to PLASMIN
    = Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation = endothelial injury leads to thrombin release due to anticoagulation dysfunction
43
Q

ERBB2 amplification

A

breast carcinoma marker

44
Q

BCR-ABL PCR

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

45
Q

BRCA1/2 germline

A

breast cancer

46
Q

EGFR and ALK

A

lung carcinoma

47
Q

Philadelphia chromosome
what happens
TX:
how to monitor condition of patients

A

BRC-ABL forms and over active tyrosine kinase
TX: Imatinib (Gleevec) = tyrosin kinase inhibitor
you can see if the drug works by BRC-ABL PCR that can detect 1 in 100,000 cells with this BCR-ABL

48
Q

people with polymorphic P450

A

even a small indirect carcinogen can become active ultimate carcinogenic
(P450 convert many indirect to their active form)

49
Q

Pyrimidine Dimers

A

Thymine dimers form UVB light, keep DNA and RNA polymerase from continuing

  • done by nucleotide excision repair
  • excess UV exposure can overwhelm the NER = sporatic melanomas
50
Q

Xeroderma pigmentosum

A

X Nucleotide excision repair gene
= cant get rid of pyrimidine dimers = melanomas
= freckly hyperpigmentation, nodular growths, before 10yo

51
Q

ionizing radiation

A

can cause carcinomas even years later from initial exposure
EX: atomic bomb
EX: Chernobyl accident = radioactive iodine exposure —-> childhood thyroid cancer increase to most 30 years later

52
Q

Human T-cell Leukemia virus can cause

A

T-cell leukemia and lymphoma

53
Q

Hep B and C virus can cause

A

Hepatocellular cercinomas

54
Q

H-pylori bacteria can cause

A

B-cell lymphoma in the stomach

55
Q

HPV is what

A

can cause squamous carcinoma of cervix, anogenital area, and pharynx/larynx
- viral proteins E6 and E7 can get integrated into cell chromosome cause oncogenesis due to —-I TSG

56
Q

Epstein Barr Virus (EBV)

A

can cause oncogenesis in B-cell lymphoma and other carcinomas (first virus seen to cause cancer)
= EBNA2 protein form the virus upregulates oncogensis (activate TF)
= LMP protein from virus —-> cell proliferation (inhibits apoptosis)
*EBV causes —-I apoptosis, and increased replication of B-cells

57
Q

most common cancer or type of B-cell lymphoma EBV can cause

A

the Burkitt lymphoma : IgH-MYC translocation due to increased B-cell proliferation

58
Q

Burkitt lymphoma is a result of what

A

translocation of IgH-MYC of chromosome 8 and 14

MOD Midterm (9 decks)

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