Neoplasm

Question 1

tumor

Answer 1

abnormal swelling or mass in the body

Question 2

malignant

Answer 2

an abnormal growth that tends to spread

Question 3

cancer

Answer 3

malignant tumor that invades healthy tissue and metastizes

Question 4

T/F the term neoplasm includes benign and malignant tumors

Answer 4

true

Question 5

what is the most common cancer in men

Answer 5

lung cancer, followed by prostate

Question 6

what are the 5 most lethal cancers

Answer 6

1. lung
2. colorectal
3. breast
4. pancreatic
5. prostate

Question 7

four DNA insults that result in neoplastic mutation

Answer 7

1. copy errors
2. radiation
3. chemicals
4. cosmic rays

Question 8

why are older people less protected from neoplasm by DNA repair

Answer 8

cumulative errors results in diminished repair efficiency

Question 9

two genes important to tumor growth

Answer 9

oncogenes

tumor repressor genes

Question 10

oncogenes

Answer 10

mutated proto-oncogenes with a gain of function mutation

Question 11

what will a mutation in a tumor repressor gene do

Answer 11

take off the stops that keep cells from dividing at will

Question 12

two types of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 12

1. gatekeeper genes
2. caretaker genes

Question 13

gatekeeper genes

Answer 13

tumor suppressors that regulate the cell cycle and influence contact inhibition of cell growth

Question 14

caretaker genes

Answer 14

tumor suppressor genes that repair DNA damage and maintain the integrity of the genome

Question 15

two exmamples of tumor suppressor genes

Answer 15

1. BRCA 1 and 2
2. P53

Question 16

what three things must happen in the multi-step theory of oncogenesis

Answer 16

1. proto-oncogene gain of function
2. tumor suppressor gene loss of function
3. failure of immune surveillance

Question 17

why is genetic testing important to oncogenesis

Answer 17

it can help determine susceptibility

Question 18

how long do most tumors take to form

Answer 18

years to decades

Question 19

three viruses associated with cancer and the cancer they cause

Answer 19

1. Hep B and C (liver cancer)
2. HPV (cervical cancer)
3. Epstein barr (lymphoma)

Question 20

what two characteristics make epithelium and endothelium vulnerble to neoplasm

Answer 20

1. exposure to the environment
2. rapid division

Question 21

what is one particular type of cell line that are less likely to be neoplastic

Answer 21

mesoderm derived cells (muscle, bone, nerves)

Question 22

carcinoma

Answer 22

epithelial origin

Question 23

endothelian

Answer 23

adenocarcinoma

Question 24

sarcoma

Answer 24

mesodermal origin

Question 25

leukemia or lymphoma

Answer 25

hematopoetic

Question 26

anaplastic

Answer 26

undermined orgin

Question 27

six characteristics of neoplastic cells

Answer 27

1. pleiomorphic 2. large nucleus 3. frequently dividing 4. loss of differentiation 5. loss of cell to cell cohesion 6. evasion of apoptosis

Question 28

three unique featuers of malignant cells

Answer 28

1. fewer intracellular repair mechanisms so mutations accumulate 2. genetically abnormal 3. unique antigens

Question 29

T/F the genome of a malignant cell is stable

Answer 29

false, it is very unstable and has a large number of non-coding DNA mutations

Question 30

driver mutations

Answer 30

mutations in cancerous cells that provide an advantage to growth

Question 31

hitchiker mutation

Answer 31

a mutation that doesn't confer an advantage but occurs in the same genome as a driver mutation

Question 32

four aspects of multimodal cancer treatment

Answer 32

1. surgery 2. radiation 3. chemotherapy 4. immunotherapy

Question 33

four major factors in determining the success of cancer treatment

Answer 33

1. age/health of the patient 2. type of cancer 3. quality healthcare 4. stage of the cancer at diagnosis

Question 34

two cancer staging methods

Answer 34

1. TNM 2. conventional

Question 35

TNM staging

Answer 35

T: size of the primary tumor N: involvement of lymph nodes M: presence of distant metastases

Question 36

describe the conventional staging system

Answer 36

1. small primary tumor with no spread to node 2. larger tumor with significant node involvement 3. even larger tumor with spread to distant nodes 4. presence of distant metastases

Question 37

what are the four most common sites of metastases

Answer 37

1. brain 2. bone 3. liver 4. lungs

Question 38

brute force approach to cancer treatment

Answer 38

uses cytotoxic drugs and radiation to kill rapidly dividing cells

Question 39

three methods of targeted cancer therapy

Answer 39

1. monoclonal antibodies 2. blocking immune evasion 3. invitro treatment of lymphcytes to target cancer antigens

Question 40

what are monoclonal antibodies why are they useful in cancer treatment

Answer 40

antibodies derived from a single B cell clone they will only bind with one antigen, specifically those on cancer cells

Question 41

what is PD-1? what does it do? why is it relevant to cancer treatment

Answer 41

a surface cell receptor common to cancer cells it down regulates T cell function and diminished immune response antibodies that target PD-1 receptors will allow for a normal immune response to cancer cells

Question 42

describe in vitro lymphocyte treatment

Answer 42

NK cells are isolated from a tumor and cultured with interleukin 2, then reintroduced to the body to attack tumor cells

Question 43

is eradicating cancer a reasonable goal

Answer 43

no, but it may be possible to make it into a managable disease