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PAS 753 (Molecular Pathophysiology) > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

what are three ways the body is protected from threats

A
  1. barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
  2. Inflammation
  3. Immunity
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2
Q

T/F many inflammation mechanisms are unique to only inflammatory processes

A

false, inflammatory processes are common in immune responses

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3
Q

inflammation

A

the cellular and chemical reaction to injury

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4
Q

what are five causes of inflammation

A
  1. microbial infection
  2. physical agents (trauma, radiation)
  3. chemical irritation
  4. hypersensitivity reactions
  5. necrosis
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5
Q

what are the four clinical features of inflammation

A
  1. heat (calor)
  2. redness (rugor)
  3. swelling (tumor)
  4. pain (dolor)
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6
Q

T/F inflammtion often causes a loss of function which can be a component in disease processes

A

true

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7
Q

what are four histological features of inflammation

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. increased vascular permeability
  3. formation of fluid exudate
  4. pus
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8
Q

what are four benefits of inflammation

A
  1. dilution of toxins
  2. entrapment of microbes
  3. increased blood supply
  4. spread of cytokines to enhance immune response
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9
Q

what are three negative consequences of inflammation

A
  1. cell destruction releases lysozyme
  2. loss of function due to edema
  3. possible acceleration of chronic process
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10
Q

what are the four possible outcomes of inflammation

A
  1. resolution
  2. suppuration
  3. organization (scar formation)
  4. chronic inflammation
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11
Q

what is an example of an infection that leads to chronic inflammation? why?

A

tuberculosis

because the mycobacterium are too large to phagocytized and are walled off instead

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12
Q

T/F in most cases the causative agent does more damage than the inflammatory process

A

false, inflammation commonly is more destructive

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13
Q

what are the two divisions of the immune system

A
  1. adaptive
  2. innate
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14
Q

what are two main tasks of the immune system

A
  1. ward off foreign cells
  2. eliminate abnormal self cells
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15
Q

which of the divisions has a faster response

A

innate

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16
Q

which of the divisions of the immune system is more specific

A

adaptive

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17
Q

which division of the immune system has the potential to cause more harm to the patient

A

adaptive

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18
Q

what two parts are the adaptive and innate immune systems divided into

A

humoral and cellular

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19
Q

what are the cells used in cellular innate immunity

A
  1. macrophages/monocytes
  2. neutrophils
  3. NK cells
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20
Q

what is the difference between macrophages and monocytes

A

monocytes are free moving macrophages are in tissue

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21
Q

what are the divisions of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

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22
Q

what types of leukocytes are granulocytes

A

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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23
Q

what are two agranulocytes

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

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24
Q

what are the leukocytes from the myeloid line? lymphoid line?

A

monocyte, neurophil, basophil, eosinophil

T and B lymphocytes

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25
Q

is the differentiation between myelocytic or lymphcytic cells clinically relevant

A

yes, leukemia can be described as myelocytic or lymphocytic

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26
Q

what are the most numerous leukoctye? what percent?

A

neutrolphils, 70%

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27
Q

what is the neutrophils mode of action

A

phagocytosis

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28
Q

what is the stimulating and attracting compound for neutrophils

A

cytokines

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29
Q

what is the effect of cytokines on neutrophils

A

increase in phagocytosis and diapedisis

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30
Q

cytokine

A

a small protein or polypeptide used to modulate immune response

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31
Q

what are three common cytokines

A
  1. tumor necrosis factor alpha
  2. interleukins
  3. interferon
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32
Q

what are the three phases of a macrophage

A
  1. resting
  2. activated
  3. hyperactivated
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33
Q

what is the function of a macrophage in an activated state

A

phagocytosis and antigen presenting cell

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34
Q

what is the stimuli that will push an activated macrophage into a hyperactive state

A

mannose, lipopolysaccharide (bacterial cell carbohydrates)

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35
Q

what is the effect of hyperactivation on a macrophage

A

increased phagocytosis and secretion of cytokines

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36
Q

what type of cell is lymphocyte

A

lymphocyte

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37
Q

what is the function of NK cells (such as?)

A

the destruction of abnormal cells (tumor cells, viral infected cells, cells tagged with antibodies)

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38
Q

what is the humoral component of the innate immune system

A

complement

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39
Q

compliment proteins

A

a group of 20-30 plasma proteins that function as proteases

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40
Q

what is the result of compliment activation

A

a cascade that forms a membrane attack complex

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41
Q

T/F a mutation in one gene can produce a defect in the compliment cascade that will result in chronic infections

A

true

42
Q

what are the three pathways of compliment activation

A
  1. classical
  2. alternate
  3. mannan lectin activation
43
Q

what activates the classical compliment pathway?

A

antigen-antibody complexes

44
Q

what activates the alternate compliment pathway

A

lipoproteins and glyocproteins on microbial surfaces

45
Q

what activates the mannan lectin compliment pathway

A

microbial carbhydrates

46
Q

what are three primary actions of the complement system

A
  1. direct attack on microbes
  2. opsonization of microbes
  3. chemoattractant for phages
47
Q

what are four indirect actions of complement proteins

A
  1. augements production of antibodies
  2. increases production of memory cells
  3. disposal of antigen-antibody complexes
  4. disposal of apoptotic cells without inflammation
48
Q

opsonization

A

the process by which chemicals or antibodies bind to a target increase its chances of being phagocytized

49
Q

what is the common thread linking all innate responses

A

the all involve responses to molecules commonly found on microbes (PAMPs)

50
Q

what is a PAMP? what do they allow for

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns

the concept that most microorganisms have repeating molecular structures that trigger innate immune responses

51
Q

DAMPs

A

damage associated molecular patterns

endogeneous molecules that are released from damaged cells

52
Q

PRRs

A

pattern recognition receptors

innate immune mechanisms that recognize PAMPs and DAMPs to trigger a faster response

53
Q

what are the two components of the adaptive immune system

A

cellular and humoral

54
Q

why do we need an adaptive immune system

A
  1. longer life spans mean more exposure to pathogens and neoplasia
  2. larger organisms have more opportunities for infection
  3. slow reproduction means longevity is vital to the species
55
Q

what part of the adaptive immune system consist of antibodies

A

the humoral component

56
Q

immunoglobulins (antibodies)

A

circulating proteins that bind to antigens

57
Q

what the 5 types of antibodies

A
  1. IgG
  2. IgM
  3. IgA
  4. IgE
  5. IgD
58
Q

of the five antibodies, which doesn;t have a well defined immune function

A

IgD

59
Q

what is the function of IgG

A

A longer immune response and long lasting immunity

60
Q

what is the function of IgM

A

a fast, nonspecific reponse to antigens

61
Q

where is IgA found

A

secretions (spit, mucous, breast milk, tears)

62
Q

when is IgE normally produced by the body

A

during allergic reactions and parasitic disease

63
Q

why are antibodies sometimes called gamma globulins

A

because they can be extracted from plasma in the “gamma” fraction

64
Q

antigen

A

anything that triggers an immune response, acts a ligand for antibodies

65
Q

where do antigens bind to antibodies? what does this allow for

A

the variable end

it allow for antibodies to bind with many types of antigens

66
Q

T/F all antibodies pass the placenta

A

false, IgG, E, and A can pass, IgM is too big

67
Q

what is the most common function of antibodies

A

tagging abnormal molcules for later removal or destructrion

68
Q

what is a neutralizing antibody

A

an antibody that binds to the receptor on a pathogen so that it is rendered non-functional

69
Q

Bnabs

A

broadly neutralizing antibodies

70
Q

how are Bnabs developed? why are the important?

A

developed over time in response to repeated infections

target important antigens and possibly treatment of rapidly mutating pathogens

71
Q

what is the most common antibody? how long does it take to produce

A

IgG, 7-14 days

72
Q

Why do people need immunization boosters

A

because over time your without exposure your IgG levels wane

73
Q

what cells does IgE bind to during allergic responses

A

mast cells

74
Q

what is indicated if

IgG levels are high, IgM is zero?

IgG is zero, IgM is high?

A

There is long term immunity still present to fight off the infection

there is a disease active present for which there is no long lasting immunity

75
Q

what are the two cells of the adaptive immune system

A

T and B cells

76
Q

What is the role of the thymus in T cell production

A

it matures new T cells and teaches them differentiation of self

77
Q

what is the function of T cells

A

recognition and destruction of intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells

78
Q

what is the function of B cells

A

recognition of extracellular pathogens or surface antigens and the production of antibodies

79
Q

how many antigen receptors are present on a B cell? what happens when it is bound?

A

only one

the cell will become a plasma cell or memory cell

80
Q

plasma cells

A

B cells that produce antibodies and can function as an antigen presenting cell

81
Q

Memory B cells

A

cells that clone themselves when exposed to an antigen to produce more plasma cells

82
Q

what are three significant histological features of a plasma cell

A
  1. displaced nucleus
  2. lots of cytoplasm
  3. large ER
83
Q

what are the three types of T cells that we will study

A
  1. Helper T
  2. Killer T
  3. Memory T
84
Q

what ae the CD designations of helper T and killer T cells? what does that refer too?

A

Helper T is CD4

Killer T is CD8

specific sites on the celll surface

85
Q

what type of T cell does HIV attack

A

CD4 cells

86
Q

what are the functions of a CD4 cell

A
  1. assist in the activation of B cells
  2. assist in the activation of killer T cells
  3. secretion of cytokines (complement)
87
Q

How do CD8 cells react to antigens

A
  1. drilling a hole in a cell membrane with perforin and injecting granzyme
  2. Triggering apoptosis by binding to the Fas ligand
88
Q

what are the three APCs

A
  1. dendritic cells
  2. activated macrophages
  3. activated plasma cells
89
Q

what are dendritic cells

A

monocytes found in tissue that constantly sample the environment for antigens and present the pieces of the antigens to T and B cells

90
Q

what is the process of activation in the adaptive immune system

A
  1. APCs recognize and process antigens
  2. taxsis into the lymph tissue
  3. presentation of antigens to T and B cells
91
Q

How are immune cells able to recognize self cells

A

the major histocompatibility complex, which in the case of humans is called the human leukocyte antigen complex

92
Q

what chromosome creates the MHC

A

chromosome 6

93
Q

why is the MHC gene important for organ transplant

A

it determines how closely the transplanted organ will match the host

94
Q

what is an example of a cell that doesn;t have HLA

A

red blood cells because they have no nucleus

95
Q

what are two types of HLA and where are they normally found

A

HLA I and II

HLA I is found on all nucleated cells

HLA II is the antigen presenting complex found on APCs

96
Q

what does it mean to say T and B cells are self tolerant

A

T cells dont attack normal cell and B cellls don’t produce antibodies to self antigens

97
Q

what is the two test process for training T cells

A

select cells that can recognize self so they can interact with APCs

eliminate cells that react strongly to self

98
Q

what percent of T cells pass the two test process

A

1-3%

99
Q

If the majority of T cells that react to self are eliminated, how can T cells produce autoimmune disease

A

because not every self antigen can be test for, and some reactive T cells escape

100
Q

how do B cells learn self tolerance

A

they are tested in the bone marrow for reaction to self antigens, if they fail and can’t remodulate their B cell receptor they are eliminated

PAS 753 (Molecular Pathophysiology) (17 decks)

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