Neoplasia tables Flashcards by Madison Bompard

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the oral cavity, head and neck?

What is a cancer in this area likely secondary to?

Squamous cell carcinoma

HPV

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the lungs

Adenocarcinoma

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Most common cancer of the prostate?

Adenocarcinoma

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the liver

Hepatocellular carcinoma

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What major forms of underlying cancer are associated wtih hypertrophic osteoarthropathy?

Bronchogenic carcinoma

Thymic neoplasms

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the cervix

What is the cancer likely a result of?

Squamous cell carcinoma

HPV

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the pancreas

Adenocarcinoma

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Follicular lymphoma arises from what translocation?

What are the affected genes?

(14;18)(q32;q21)

IGH* 14q32
BCL2* 18q21

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Mutations in the proto-oncogene ERBB1 (EGFR) are associated with what cancer?

Lung adenocarcinoma

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What major forms of underlying cancer are associated wtih acanthosis nigricans?

Gastric, lung and uterine carcinomas

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the ovaries

Adenocarcinoma-type

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Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene CDH1 are associated with familial syndrome and what cancer type?

Familial gastric cancer

Gastric carcinoma, lobular breast carcinoma

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HCG is a tumor marker for what tumor types?

Testicular tumors

Trophoblastic tumors

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SNF5 is an epigenomic regulatory gene involved in nucleosome positioning/chromatin remodeling, what tumor is associated with a mutation in this gene?

What is the frequency?

Malignant rhabdoid tumor

100%

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Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene APC are associated with what familial syndrome and what cancer type?

Familial colonic polyps and carcinomas

Sporadic carcinomas of the stomach, colon, pancreas; melanoma

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Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene MSH are associated with what familial syndrome and what cancer type?

Hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma

Colonic and endometrial carcinoma

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Mutations in the proto-oncogene KRAS are associated with what cancer type?

Colon, lung, pancreatic carcinoma

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What major forms of underlying cancer are associated wtih venous thrombosis?

Pancreatic and bronchogenic carcinomas

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the breast

Ductal carcinoma (an adenocarcinoma)

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the brain?

Glioma

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The most common endocrinopathy associated paraneoplastic syndrome is cushing syndrome, what are the major underlying cancers?

Small cell carcinoma of the lung

pancreatic carcinoma

Neural tumors

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Benzene exposure leads to what cancer?

Where can one be exposed to benzene?

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

Light oil, printing, paint, rubber, dry cleaning, adhesives and coatings, detergents

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of the kidney

Adenocarcinoma

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Most common primary tumor/cancer of bone marrow/circulation

Leukemia

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What translocation is associated with Ewing Sarcoma?

(11;22)(q24;q11)

Cadmium, commonly found in batteries, metal platings and coatings, is associated with what cancer?

Prostate carcinoma

p53 is considered the guardian of the genome because its main function is to?

Regulate cell cycle progression, DNA repair, cellular senescence, and apoptosis

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene RB are associated with **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Familial retinoblastoma syndrome (retinoblastoma, osteosarcoma, other sarcomas)** _Retinoblastoma; osteosarcoma; carcinomas of the breast, colon and lung_

Mantle cell lymphoma arises from what translocation?

(11;14)(q13;q32)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a tumor marker used to look for what cancer?

Carcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, stomach and heart

*MLL1* is an epigenomic regulatory gene involved in histone methylation, what tumor is associated with a mutation in this gene? What is the frequency?

Acute leukemia in infants 90%

Chronic myeloid leukemia arises from what translocation? What genes are involved

(9;22)(q34;q11) * ABL* 9q34 * BCR* 22q11

RB is considered to be the governor of the cell cycle because its main function is to?

Regulate progression through the G1/S cell cycle checkpoint

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the stomach

Adenocarcinoma

Amplifications in the proto-oncogene NMYC are associated with what cancer type?

Neuroblastoma

Arsenic and arsenic compounds which can be found in the by-products of metal smelting, herbicides, naturally in soil and water, and certain medications can lead to what type of cancer?

Lung carcinoma Skin carcinoma

Mutations in the proto-oncogene NRAS are associated with what tumor type?

Melanomas Hematologic malignancies

Amplifications in the proto-oncogene ERBB2 (HER) are associated with what cancer type?

Breast carcinoma

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF1 are associated with what **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Neurofibromatosis type 1** _Neuroblastoma, Juvenile myeloid leukemia_

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene PTCH are associated with what **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Gorlin syndrome (basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma, several benign tumors)** _Basal cell carcinoma, medulloblastoma_

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the skin?

1. Basal cell carcinoma 2. Squamous cell carcinoma 3. Malignant melanoma

Point mutations in the proto-oncogene ABL are associated with what cancer type?

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)

Acute myeloid leukemia results from what translocation?

(8;21)(q22;q22) (15;17)(q22;q21)

Chromium compounds commonly found in metal alloys, paints, pigments and preservatives are associated with what cancer?

Lung carcinoma

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the bladder

Transitional cell carcinoma (uroepithelial)

Translocations in the proto-oncogene ABL are associated with what cancer type?

chronic myelogenous leukemia

Exposure to beryllium through missel fuels and space vehicles predisoposes a person to development of what cancer?

Lung carcinoma

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the esophagus

Squamous cell carcinoma

Mutations in the proto-oncogene HRAS are associated with what tumor type?

Bladder and kidney tumors

Mutations in the proto-oncogene BRAF are associated with what cancer type?

Melanomas Leukemias Colon carcinoma others

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene VHL are associated with what **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Von Hippel Lindau syndrome (cerebellar hemangioblastoma, retinal angioma, renal cell carcinoma)** _Renal cell carcinoma_

Most common primary tumor/cancer of regional lymph nodes

Lymphoma

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the testes

Cancers of germ cell origin

Radon, a derivative of uranium, is often associated with what cancer type?

Lung carcinoma ^{*Second most common cause of lung CA behind smoking*}

α-fetoprotein is a tumor marker used to assess for what?

Liver cell cancer, germ cell tumors of the testes

PSA is a tumor marker for what tumor type?

Prostate

What are the common sites of solid tumor metastases?

Liver Lungs Bone Brain

Vinyl chloride, a common refrigerant, is associated with what cancer?

Hepatic angiosarcoma

Mutations in the proto-oncogene ALK are associated with what cancer type?

Lung adenocarcinoma Some lymphomas Neuroblastoma

What major forms of underlying cancer are associated with DIC?

Acute promyelocytic leukemia Prostatic carcinoma

Burkitt lymphoma results from a MYC translocation. What is the translocation? What are the affected genes?

(8;14)(q24;q32) * MYC* 8q24 * IGH* 14q32

*MLL2* is an epigenomic regulatory gene involved in histone methylation, what tumor is associated with a mutation in this gene? What is the frequency?

Follicular lymphoma 90%

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene TP53 are associated with what **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Li-Fraumeni syndrome** _Most human cancers_ ^{*TP53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers*}

Immunoglobulins are used as tumor markers to assess for what cancers?

Multiple myeloma Other gammopathies

Amplifications or point mutations in the proto-oncogene CDK4 are associated with what cancer type?

Glioblastoma Melanoma Sarcoma

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene NF2 are associated with what **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Neurofibromatosis type 2** _Schwannoma, meningioma_

Hypercalcemia, the most common paraneoplastic syndrome, results from what underlying cancers?

Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung Breast carcinoma Renal carcinoma Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the spleen?

There is **no primary** cancer of the spleen

Asbestos exposure leads to what types of cancer? Where can one be exposed to asbestos?

Lung, esophageal, gastric and colon carcinoma, **mesothelioma** Existing construction, fire-resistant textiles, brake linings, underlayment of roof and floor tiles

Translocations in the proto-oncogene MYC are associated with what cancer type?

Burkitt lymphoma

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1/BRCA2 are associated with **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Familial breast and ovarian carcinoma; carcinomas of the male breast, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (BRCA2)** _Sporadic cancers: rare_

Do leukemias and lymphomas metastasize?

Nickel compounds are associated with what cancers? Where can one be exposed to nickel?

Lung and oropharyngeal cancer Nickel plating; ferrous alloys, ceramics and batteries; by-product of stainless-steel arc welding

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the female adnexa?

Serous cystadenocarcinoma

Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene WT1 are associated with what **familial syndrome** and what _cancer_ type?

**Familial Wilms tumor** _Wilms tumor, certain leukemias_

Most common primary tumor/cancer of the large bowel (colon)

adenocarcinoma