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MOD Exam 2 > Environmental and Nutritional Disorders > Flashcards

Environmental and Nutritional Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Malnutrition results in loss of fat and muscle tissue, weight loss, lethary and generalized weakness. Malnutrition arises when?

A

When there is inadequate intake of proteins and calories

OR

Deficiencies in the digestion or absorption of proteins

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2
Q

Oral contraceptives have a protective effect against what tumor types?

A

Endometrial and ovarian

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3
Q

What substances are thought to be anticarcinogenic 2/2 their antioxidant effects?

A

Vitamins C and E

β-carotenes

Selenium

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4
Q

What rare benign tumor is often seen in women who use oral contraceptives for a prolonged period of time?

A

Hepatic adenoma

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5
Q

What does the radiation unit centigray represent?

A

absorption of 100 erg/gm of tissue

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6
Q

Increased consumption of fish contaminated with methyl mercury lead to the development of minamata disease, what compilation of disorders is associated with this disease?

A

Cerebral palsy

Deafness

Blindness

MR

Major CNS defects in fetuses

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7
Q

What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for use of marijuana?

A

Tachycardia

HTN or HoTN

Angina in patients with CAD

Cognitive and psychomotor impairment

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8
Q

Cachexia is a form of protein-energy malnutrition commonly seen in patients with what conditions?

A

Cancer

AIDS

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9
Q

What outdoor air pollutants are associated with heath effects

A

Ozone

Nitrogen dioxide

Sulfur dioxide

Acid aerosols

Particulates

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10
Q

What is the single leading cause of global health loss (morbidity and premature death)?

A

Undernutrition

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11
Q

What morphological changes are seen in the cytoplasm after radiation exposure?

A

Cytoplasm swelling

Mitochondrial distortion

Degeneration of ER

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12
Q

What symptoms arise when an individual reaches a blood alcohol level of 200 mg/dL

A

Drowsiness

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13
Q

What problem do pathologists face when analyzing a sample of a patients cells after radiation therapy?

A

The histological changes such as cellular pleomorphism, giant-cell formation, conformational changes in the nuclei, and abnormal mitotic figures are seen in both cancer cells and radiation-injured cells; makes it difficult to determine the persistance of tumor cells

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14
Q

It is thought the menopausal hormone therapy long term is dangerous, 2/2 damaging effects of increased estrogen levels; what are the benefits to this therapy?

A

Thought to have a protective effect on the development of atherosclerosis and CAD in women < 60 y/o

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15
Q

Obese individuals are at an increased risk for developing what cancers?

A

Esophageal

Pancreatic

Colon

Rectal

Breast

Endometrial

Kidney

Thyroid

Gallbladder

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16
Q

What mediates ozone toxicity?

What cells are injured and what symptoms are commonly seen?

A

Free radicals

Epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, type I alveolar cells

URI, chest discomfort

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17
Q

Define xenobiotics

A

exogenous chemicals in the environment that may be absorbed into the body via various mechanisms (inhaled, ingested, skin contact)

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18
Q

What stands to become the preeminent global cause of environmental disease?

A

climate change

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19
Q

An average individual can reach the legal limit of blood alcohol level after how many drinks?

A

3

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20
Q

What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspicion for an opioid OD?

A

Respiratory depression

Arrhythmias

Cardiac arrest

Pulmonary edema

*can result in sudden death*

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21
Q

Describe the metabolism of vitamin D

A

in the liver, vitamin D is converted into 25(OH)D

In the kidney it is converted into 1,25(OH)2D which is the active form of vitamin D

The active form of vitamin D stimulates RANKL on osteoblasts, enhancing the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus

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22
Q

Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant with vitamin E, one can develop selenium deficiency if there are inadequate amounts in soil and water. Those who develop a deficiency present with what clinical features?

A

Myopathy

Cardiomyopathy

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23
Q

The clinical significance of a burn injury depends on:

A

Depth of burn

% of body surface covered by burn

Internal injuries (inhalation of fumes/heat)

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24
Q

What units of radiation are used?

A

Curie

Gray

Sievert

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25
Q

Mercury binds to sulfhydryl groups in certain proteins, leading to damage in what areas of the body?

A

CNS

Kidneys

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26
Q

What are the manifestations of vitamin A deficiency

A

Night blindness

Epithelial metaplasia and keratinization of the eye, leading to dry eye, bitot spots, corneal destruction

Squamous metaplaisa of the respiratory epithelium resulting in increased pulmonary infections

Immune deficiency

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27
Q

Using cocaine can lead to a myocardial infarction through what mechanism?

A

Coronary artery vasoconstriction

Platelet aggregation

Thrombus formation

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28
Q

Cachexia is characterized by

A

Extreme weight loss

Fatigue

Muscle atrophy

Anemia

Anorexia

Edema

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29
Q

What is the treatment regimen for burn patients?

A

Fluid and electrolyte management

Infection control

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30
Q

One of the common features seen in alcoholics is fatty liver changes, how do these fatty liver changes arise?

A

NAD is require for fatty acid oxidation in the liver, when alcohol is metabolized by ADH, NAD is converted into NADH.

The lack of NAD allows for the accumulation of fat in the liver

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31
Q

Besides lung cancer, what other cancers is a person who smokes at risk for developing?

A

Esophageal

Pancreatic

Bladder

Kidney

Cervical

Bone marrow (leukemia)

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32
Q

What are the sources of vitamin D?

A

Sunshine

Dietary

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33
Q

How does the vitamin D deficiency eventually lead to decreased calcium absorption?

A

Without vitamin D, there is a decrease in the production of 1,25(OH)2D

Lack of the active form of vitamin D leads to a decrease in calcium and phosphorus absorption in the gut

Hypocalcemia activates parathyroid glands leading to mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from the bones, which gives rise to sxs of osteomalacia

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34
Q

Scurvy, a condition involving hemorrhages and healing defects, results from a deficiency in what vitamin?

A

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

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35
Q

What is the most important environmental source of carbon monoxide (CO)?

A

Burning of carbonaceous materials, such as car engines, furnaces and cigarettes

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36
Q

Persons struck by lightening often show what pathognomonic skin manifestation and how is this caused?

A

Lichtenberg figures

Rapid dispersion of charge from the surface of poorly conducting tissues

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37
Q

What radiation unit describes the energy absorbed by the target tissue per unit mass?

A

Gray

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38
Q

What morphological changes are seen in irradiated vessels?

A

Endothelial cell proliferation

Collagenous hyalinization

Thickening of the intima

*Vessels become narrow or even obliterated*

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39
Q

What agent is considered to be the main one involved in alcohol-induced laryngeal and esophageal cancer?

A

Acetaldehyde

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40
Q

Obesity is the main driver of metabolic syndrome, what consititutes metabolic syndrome?

A

Visceral or intra-abd adiposity

Insulin resistance

Hyperinsulinemia

Glucose intolerance

HTN

Decreased HDL

Hypertriglyceridemia

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41
Q

What is the legal blood alcohol level

A

80 mg/dL

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42
Q

When a patient has burns that cover more than 20% of their body, they often enter shock, what does this shock entail?

A

A rapid shift of body fluids into interstitial compartment resulting in generalized edema, increased pulmonary edema, excess heat loss, increased need for nutritional support

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43
Q

What morphological changes are see in the chromsomes after radiation exposure?

A

Deletions, translocations or fragmentations 2/2 double-stranded DNA breaks

Mitotic spindle bedcomes disorderly

Polyploidy or aneuploidy possibly

Nuclear swelling, condensation of the chromosomes, disruption of the nuclear membrane

Apoptosis may occur

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44
Q

What is the most common infection patients with burns encounter?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

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45
Q

When a pediatric patient comes in with microcephaly, growth retardation, facial anomalies including no philtrum, and decreased mental function, what condition should you be suspicious of?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome

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46
Q

The depth of a burn determines its severity, what are the classifications of burns?

A

1st degree/superficial = epidermis only; skin is red

2nd degree/partial thickness = epidermis and dermis; skin blisters

3rd degree/full thickness = Extends through to the subcutaneous tissue

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47
Q

Chronic alcoholism increases the risk for developing what other conditions?

A

Acute and chronic pancreatitis

Cancer of the oral cavity, esophagus, liver and breast (+/-)

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48
Q

Marasmus results from severe protein deprivation that affects the somatic store of proteins in skeletal muscle, what clinical manifestations arise from this?

A

Growth retardation and muscle loss, head appears too large for the body

Normal serum albumin

Anemia

Immune deficiency, particularly T-cell

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49
Q

Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of what type of cancer in women infected with HPV?

A

Cervical cancer

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50
Q

What clinical manifestations separate a Kwashiorkor child from a marasmus child?

A

Skin lesions that alter from hyper to hypopigmentation

Hair changes – loss of color OR darker hair

Fatty liver

Loss of appetite

Fluid retention

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51
Q

Ghrelin acts on what first order neuron?

What NT does this neuron release?

A

NPY/AgRP

NPY

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52
Q

What are the greatest threats to burn patients?

A

Shock

Sepsis

Respiratory insufficiency

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53
Q

Children exposed to lead often show what clinical manifestations?

A

Decreased IQ

Learning disabilities

Diminished psychomotor development

Blindness

Psychoses

Seizures

Coma

Lead lines on x-ray and gums

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54
Q

What occupational health exposure example disrupts hormonal balance

A

Organochlorines including DDT, PCB, dioxin

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55
Q

What radiation unit refers to the amount of radiation emitted by a source?

A

Curie

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56
Q

What would you seen on a peripheral blood smear of an individual who has been exposed to lead?

A

Hypochromic microcytic anemia

Basophilic stippling

Ring sideroblasts

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57
Q

Third degree burns are the most severe classification of burns, what symptoms do these patients have that are different from the other classifications of burns?

A

Loss of pain 2/2 damage of nerve fibers

Increased risk of infection

When burns heal, scars develop

May have loss of function or sensation after healing

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58
Q

What route of metabolism of alcohol is most important?

A

Via alcohol dehydrogenase in the cytosol

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59
Q

What changes are seen in the GI tract in chronic alcoholism?

A

Esophageal varices

Gastric ulcers

Bleeding from gastritis (coffee ground emesis)

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60
Q

Since 1990, what diseases have increased in the estimated years of life lost

A

CV disease

Cancer

HIV/AIDS

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61
Q

Exposure to cadmium results in an increased risk for developing what cancer?

A

Lung

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62
Q

In regards to thromboses, women who take birth control are at what type of risk for developing a clot?

A

6X increased risk of DVT and PE on oral contraceptives

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63
Q

Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is responsible for?

A

Hunger

Activating pathways that promote food intake and inhibit energy expenditure

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64
Q

Clinical manifestations that arise secondary to anorexia nervosa

A

Amenorrhea

Decreased thyroid hormone release leading to decreased BMR (cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation)

Decreased bone density

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65
Q

What is a characteristic sign of acute carbon monoxide poisoning?

A

Generalized cherry-red color to the skin and mucous membranes

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66
Q

The agents in cigarette smoke have various effects on the lungs, what are they?

A

Irritant effect on tracheobronchial mucoa leading to inflammation and increased mucous production, results in bronchitis

Recruitment of leukocytes which increase the release of elastase, resulting in emphysema

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67
Q

Explain the process of alcohol metabolism

A

Alcohol is absorbed unaltered in the stomach and small intestine

It is distributed to tissues and fluids directly in the blood

In the blood, alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

Acetaldehyde is further metabolized into acetate by ADH, this acetate is utilized by the electron transport chain

68
Q

Main functions of vitamin A

A

Maintanence of normal vision

Regulation of cell growth and differentiation

Regulation of lipid metabolism

69
Q

Why is there not a straightforward definition of poison?

A

Because everything can be poisonous

The right dosage is important as it differentiates a remedy from a poison

70
Q

What populations are at risk of health effects 2/2 ozone?

A

Healthy adults and children (Decreased lung function, increased airway reactivity, lung inflammation)

Athletes, outdoor workers, asthmatics (decreased exercise capacity, increased hospitalizations)

71
Q

What are the clincial manifestations of arsenic poisoning

A

Paresthesias

Numbness

Pain

Hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles

GI, CV, CNS toxicities

72
Q

What symptoms occur when an individual reaches a blood alcohol level of 300 mg/dL or more?

A

Stuper, coma and possible respiratory arrest

73
Q

Cadmium has preferential toxicity in the kidney and the lungs, what is the mechanism behind this toxicity?

A

The mechanism is unknown

However, it is thought to possibly be related to an increase in ROS

74
Q

Exposure to radon, an indoor air pollutant derived from uranium, leads to an increased risk of developing

A

Lung cancer

75
Q

Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration typically occurs after a few years with chronic alcoholics, what symptoms are seen with this?

A

Truncal instability

Broad-based stance

Ataxia

76
Q

What pollutants are considered to be indoor?

A

Wood smoke

Bioaerosols

Radon

Formaldehyde

(CO and nitrogen dioxide are outdoor and indoor)

77
Q

Normal function of vitamin D

A

Maintain plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus for metabolism, bone, and neuromuscular transmission

Required for the prevention of rickets (kids), osteomalacia (adults)

78
Q

Worldwide, alcohol accounts for how many deaths per year?

A

1.8 million (3.2% of all deaths)

79
Q

What is the mechanism behind malignany hyperthermia?

A

Inherited mutation in RYR1 that causes there to be a steep increase in the core body temp from muscle contractures after given anesthetics

80
Q

What occupational health exposure is among the most potent carcinogens?

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

81
Q

Leptin, a hormone released from adipocytes, is responsible for?

A

Satiety

Activating pathways that inhibit food intake and promote energy expenditure

82
Q

Obesity is associated with Pickwinan syndrome, what characterizes this syndrome?

A

Hypersomnolence

Sleep apnea

Polycythemia

Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)

83
Q

What populations are at risk of health effects 2/2 sulfur dioxide

A

Healthy adults (increased respiratory symptoms)

Individuals with chronic lung dz (increased mortality)

Asthmatics (increased hospitalization, decreased lung function)

84
Q

What differentiates bulimia from anorexia nervosa?

A

Anorexia nervosa consists of self-induced starvation while bulimia results when a patient binge eats and then induces vomiting

85
Q

Risk of tobacco use are determined in pack years, how do you calculate a patient’s pack year?

A

Avg # of cigarettes smoked per day X # of yrs they’ve been smoking

86
Q

What are typical signs of secondary malnutrition

A

Depletion of subcutaneous fat in the arms, chest wall, shoulders and metacarpal regions

Wasting of the quads and deltoid ms.

Ankle or sacral edema

87
Q

Toxicology is considered to be the science of poisons, what does toxicology focus on?

A

The distribution, effect and MOA of toxic agents

88
Q

Climate change is expected to have a negative effect on human health by increasing the incidence of certain diseases, including:

A

Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases

Gastroenteritis, cholera and other foodborne and waterborne illnesses

Vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue fever)

Malnutrition

89
Q

Iodine is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone, those with an iodine deficiency typically present with what clinical features?

A

Goiter and hypothyroidism

90
Q

The effects of DNA by ionizing radiation can occur through what mechanisms?

A

Direct DNA damage

Indirect DNA damage via free radical formation

91
Q

How does hyperinsulinemia contribute to cancer?

A

Hyperinsulinemia results in an increase in free IGF-1

IGF-1 acts as a mitogen

92
Q

Kwashiorkor occurs when there is a protein deficit in the diet, rather than a total calorie depletion; what arises 2/2 this protein deficit?

A

Hypoalbuminemia resulting in dependent edema

Vitamin deficiency

Immune deficiency

Secondary infections

93
Q

Menopausal hormone therapy increases risk for what conditions?

A

Stroke

DVT

PE

94
Q

Define disability adjusted life year

A

sum of years of life lost d/t premature mortality and disability in a population

95
Q

Why are fine or ultrafine particles of soot (less than 10μm) the most harmful?

A

They are not trapped by the respiratory epithelium in the nose and are able to deposit in the alveoli

In the alveoli, they are phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils, which respond by releaseing inflammatory mediators

96
Q

What effect does the p450 system have on xenobiotics?

A

The P450 system catalyzes reactions that either detoxify xenobiotics or convert them into active compounds that cause cellular injury through the production of ROS

97
Q

What populations are commonly affected by malnutrition?

A

Infants and children in developing countries

Debilitated patients in nursing homes and hospitals

98
Q

Through what mechanism does arsenic interfere with cellular metabolism?

A

Interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by replacing the phosphates in ATP and messes with other enzymes

99
Q

What are the overall effects of the tobacco smoke constituents?

A

Carcinogenesis

Tumor promotion

Mucosal irritation

Impaired oxygen transport

100
Q

Why do alcoholics have an increased susceptability to other drugs, anesthetics, carcinogens, and industrial solvents

A

Alcohol induces CYPs, but in high concentrations alcohol inhibits the metabolism of these compounds by the CYPs

101
Q

Copper deficiency presents with?

A

Muscle weakness

Neurologic deficits

Abnormal collagen cross-linking

102
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a patient presenting with mercury poisoning?

A

Tremor

Gingivitis

Bizarre behavior

103
Q

What leads to analgesic nephropathy

A

Analgesic mixtures of aspirin and phenacetin or its active metabolite, acetominophen, when taken over several years, can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis with renal papillary necrosis

104
Q

What drug of abuse shows detectable brain damage on MRI?

A

Huffing/glue sniffing

105
Q

What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for cocaine use?

A

Tachycardia

HTN

Peripheral vasoconstriction

MI

Hyperpyrexia

Seizures

Nasal polyps

106
Q

Evidence of what on a peripheral blood smear leads you to suspicion of an iron deficiency?

A

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

107
Q

In the postnatal period, 50% of deaths of children under 3 years old are attributed to what conditions, all of which are preventable

A

PNA

Diarrhea

Malaria

108
Q

Children exposed to second hand smoke are at risk of developing what condition

A

Asthma

Other respiratory illnesses

109
Q

What symptoms would you see in a patient that would lead you to suspect acute vitamin A toxicity?

A

HA

Dizzines

Vomiting

Stupor

Blurred vision

Confusion

Pseudotumor cerebri

110
Q

What morphologic changes are seen in the nucleus after radiation exposure?

A

Giant cells with pleomorphic nuclei or more than one nucleus

Markers of cell death such as nuclear pyknosis and lysis

111
Q

A significant cause of morbidity and mortality among at-risk individuals with preexisting cardiac or pulmonary disease is?

A

Air pollution

112
Q

What are the effects of cadmium on the kidneys and lungs?

A

Obstructive lung disease

Renal tubular damage leading to calcium loss and subsequent skeletal abnormalities

113
Q

In developing countries, five of the 10 leading causes of death are related to

A

Infectious disease

114
Q

What vitamin do humans not synthesize endogenously, and thus are completely dependent on dietary intake of?

A

Vitamin C

115
Q

Clinical manifestations that arise 2/2 bulimia

A

Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia) leading to cardiac arrhythmia

Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents

Esophageal and gastric rupture

116
Q

What are the 7 occupational health exposures that are associated with human disease?

A

Organic solvents

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Organchlorines

Dioxins & PCBs

Mineral Dusts

Vinyl chloride

BPA

117
Q

What is the most serious consequence of chronic exposure to arsenic?

A

Increased risk of developing lung, bladder and/or skin CA

118
Q

What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for use of bath salts?

A

Agitation

Psychosis

MI

Attempted suicide

119
Q

A patient with HTN and HLD who smokes is at significant risk for

A

MI

120
Q

Clinical manifestations of lead exposure in adults?

A

Peripheral neuropathies

Foot drop

Wrist drop

Lead “colic” (abd pain)

Lead lines

121
Q

Clinical manifestation of rickets?

A

Frontal bossing

Square head

Rachitic rosary deformation of the chest

Pectus carinatum

Lumbar lordosis

Bow legged

122
Q

What are the clinical manifestations seen in those using anabolic steroids?

A

Stunted growth

acne

Gynecomastia

Testicular atrophy

facial hair and menstrual changes in women

Psychiatric issues

Increased risk of MI

123
Q

Obesity is defined as

A

An accumulation of adipose tissue that is of sufficient magnitude to impair health

124
Q

Leptin primarily acts on what first order neuron?

What NT does this neuron release?

A

POMC/CART

α-MSH

125
Q

The main intracellular protective mechanism against mercury-induced CNS and kidney damage is?

What is the mechanism behind this protection?

A

Glutathione

Acts as a sulfhydryl donor, preventing the binding of mercury to these groups

126
Q

When does acute radiation syndrome arise?

A

When levels of radiation exposure increase to a certain level, health effects begin to occur (vomiting, hair loss, fever, diarrhea etc)

At progressively higher doses, the CNS damage ensues

127
Q

What changes are seen in the liver in chronic alcoholism?

A

*this is the main site of chronic injury*

Steatosis

Alcoholic hepatitis

Cirrhosis

128
Q

What is a common manifestation of chronic acetominophen use?

A

Centrilobular necrosis

129
Q

What are the categories of emerging infectious diseases?

A

Newly evolved strains or organisms (drug resistent TB)

Pathogens endemic to other species that recently jumped to human populations (HIV)

Pathogens that have been present in human population, but show recent increase in incidence

130
Q

When is a child considered to have marasmus?

A

when weight falls to 60% of normal for their sex, height and age

131
Q

Zinc deficiencys present with what clinical manifestations?

A

Rash around the eyes, mouth, nose and anus (termed acrodermatitis enteropathica)

Anorexia and diarrhea

Growth retardation in children

Depressed mental function

Depressed wound healing and immune response

Impaired night vision

Infertility

132
Q

Common drugs of abuse include

A

Opiates

Cocaine

Marijuana

NMDA (ecstasy)

Huffing

Bath salts

133
Q

What is the most common indoor air pollutant?

A

Tobacco smoke

134
Q

What is the range for a normal BMI?

A

18-25 kg/m2

135
Q

Particulate matter (soot) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality related to?

A

pulmonary inflammation

secondary cardiovascular effects

136
Q

The health impacts of climate change will depend on what?

A

Its extent and rapidity

The nature and severity of the ensuing consequences

Humankinds ability to mitigate the damage

137
Q

How does sulfur dioxide induce burning sensation in the nose and throat, dyspnea, and asthma in asthmatics?

A

When sulfur dioxide is produced and released into the air, it is converted into surlfuric acid and sulfuric trioxide which induces these effects

138
Q

What are the potent carcinogens found in cigarettes that are involved in the development of lung cancer seen in chronic smokers?

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

Nitrosamines

139
Q

Mechanism of cachexia

A

Proteolysis-inducing factor produced by tumors and TNF produced by immune cells active NF-kB

NF-kB initiates the transcription of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases

These ligases ubiquitinate structural components of myofibrils, leading to their degradation by the proteosome

140
Q

What therapeutic drug is the most common analgesic used in the US, accounts for about half of all acute liver failures, and is detoxified by primarily by phase II enzymes?

A

Acetominophen

141
Q

Obese individuals are at an increased risk for CAD because of

A

hypertriglyceridemia

low HDL

142
Q

It has been proven that oral contraceptives do not increase the risk of what conditions?

A

Breast CA

CAD in women < 30 years old

143
Q

What changes are seen in the heart in chronic alcoholism?

A

Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which consists of dilated congestive cardiomyopathy and HTN

144
Q

Smoking is strongly linked to the development of what condition?

A

Atherosclerosis

145
Q

At what BMI is an individual considered to be obese?

A

30 kg/m2

146
Q

The antibiotic minocycline often causes adverse drug reactions, what manifests clinically, that indicates this drug reaction?

A

Discoloration of the skin

147
Q

Emerging infectious diseases are an important component of the global burden of disease, these infections are defined as those that…

A

the incidence has recently increased or could responably be expected to increase in the near future

148
Q

Since 1990, what diseases have gone down in terms of the estimated years of life lost?

A

Neonatal conditions

Diarrhea, lower respiratory infections and other common infectious diseases

149
Q

Someone exposed to second hand smoke has a ___ x risk of developing lung cancer compared to someone who has not been exposed to cigarette smoke

A

1.3

150
Q

There are 15,000 annual deaths 2/2 liver cirrhosis, this liver cirrhosis is due to?

A

Alcohol abuse

151
Q

What are the major anatomic targets of lead exposure

A

Bone marrow

Blood

Nervous system

GI tract

Kidneys

152
Q

What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for use of methamphetamines?

A

violent behaviors

confusion

psychotic symptoms (paranoia, hallucinations)

153
Q

What vitamin is imparative in collagen synthesis?

A

Vitamin C

154
Q

What disorder has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

155
Q

Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature falls below 90 degrees F, what symptoms manifest at this body temperature?

A

Loss of consciousness (LOC)

Bradycardia

AFib

156
Q

What are the leading causes of death in developed countries?

A

Ischemic heart disease

cerebrovascular disease

157
Q

What are the cancer risks from radiation exposure?

A

There is increased incidence of development of secondary cancers, such as AML, myelodysplastic syndrome, and solid tumors in individuals who received radiation therapy for a primary CA such as Hodgkin Lymphoma

158
Q

What exogenous substance is the leading cause of human cancers?

A

Tobacco

159
Q

What is the mechanism of action of lead when exposed to it?

A

Lead binds to sulfhydrl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism, this leads to hematologic, skeletal, neurologic, GI and renal problems

160
Q

What are the manifestations seen with acute alcoholism?

A

Depressive CNS effects

Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)

Acute gastritis

Gastric ulcers

161
Q

What is the COD in patients suffering from cachexia?

A

Atrophy of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles

162
Q

Obesity is linked to an increased incidence of what disorders?

A

Type II DM

Dyslipidemias

CV disease

HTN

Cancer

163
Q

What enzymes are capable of metabolizing alcohol and where are they found?

A

CYPs, in the ER

ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase) in the mitochondria

Catalase in the peroxisomes

164
Q

What part of the brain is the central regulator of appetite and satiety?

A

Hypothalamus

165
Q

What radiation unit depends on the biologic rather than hte physical effects of radiation?

A

Sievert

166
Q

Principal culprit in climate change

A

Rising atmospheric level of greenhouse gasses, particularly CO2

Ozone

Methane

167
Q

Carbon monoxide is a non-irritating, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that can cause coma or death within 5 minutes, how does death occur?

A

CO induces CNS depression, resulting to ischemic changes specifically in the basal ganglia and lenticular nuclei

CO binds so tightly to Hgb (at a higher affinity than O2) which causes severe hypoxemia

MOD Exam 2 (5 decks)

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