Environmental and Nutritional Disorders Flashcards
1
Q
Malnutrition results in loss of fat and muscle tissue, weight loss, lethary and generalized weakness. Malnutrition arises when?
A
When there is inadequate intake of proteins and calories
OR
Deficiencies in the digestion or absorption of proteins
2
Q
Oral contraceptives have a protective effect against what tumor types?
A
Endometrial and ovarian
3
Q
What substances are thought to be anticarcinogenic 2/2 their antioxidant effects?
A
Vitamins C and E
β-carotenes
Selenium
4
Q
What rare benign tumor is often seen in women who use oral contraceptives for a prolonged period of time?
A
Hepatic adenoma
5
Q
What does the radiation unit centigray represent?
A
absorption of 100 erg/gm of tissue
6
Q
Increased consumption of fish contaminated with methyl mercury lead to the development of minamata disease, what compilation of disorders is associated with this disease?
A
Cerebral palsy
Deafness
Blindness
MR
Major CNS defects in fetuses
7
Q
What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for use of marijuana?
A
Tachycardia
HTN or HoTN
Angina in patients with CAD
Cognitive and psychomotor impairment
8
Q
Cachexia is a form of protein-energy malnutrition commonly seen in patients with what conditions?
A
Cancer
AIDS
9
Q
What outdoor air pollutants are associated with heath effects
A
Ozone
Nitrogen dioxide
Sulfur dioxide
Acid aerosols
Particulates
10
Q
What is the single leading cause of global health loss (morbidity and premature death)?
A
Undernutrition
11
Q
What morphological changes are seen in the cytoplasm after radiation exposure?
A
Cytoplasm swelling
Mitochondrial distortion
Degeneration of ER
12
Q
What symptoms arise when an individual reaches a blood alcohol level of 200 mg/dL
A
Drowsiness
13
Q
What problem do pathologists face when analyzing a sample of a patients cells after radiation therapy?
A
The histological changes such as cellular pleomorphism, giant-cell formation, conformational changes in the nuclei, and abnormal mitotic figures are seen in both cancer cells and radiation-injured cells; makes it difficult to determine the persistance of tumor cells
14
Q
It is thought the menopausal hormone therapy long term is dangerous, 2/2 damaging effects of increased estrogen levels; what are the benefits to this therapy?
A
Thought to have a protective effect on the development of atherosclerosis and CAD in women < 60 y/o
15
Q
Obese individuals are at an increased risk for developing what cancers?
A
Esophageal
Pancreatic
Colon
Rectal
Breast
Endometrial
Kidney
Thyroid
Gallbladder
16
Q
What mediates ozone toxicity?
What cells are injured and what symptoms are commonly seen?
A
Free radicals
Epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, type I alveolar cells
URI, chest discomfort
17
Q
Define xenobiotics
A
exogenous chemicals in the environment that may be absorbed into the body via various mechanisms (inhaled, ingested, skin contact)
18
Q
What stands to become the preeminent global cause of environmental disease?
A
climate change
19
Q
An average individual can reach the legal limit of blood alcohol level after how many drinks?
A
3
20
Q
What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspicion for an opioid OD?
A
Respiratory depression
Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest
Pulmonary edema
*can result in sudden death*
21
Q
Describe the metabolism of vitamin D
A
in the liver, vitamin D is converted into 25(OH)D
In the kidney it is converted into 1,25(OH)2D which is the active form of vitamin D
The active form of vitamin D stimulates RANKL on osteoblasts, enhancing the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus
22
Q
Selenium is a component of the glutathione peroxidase antioxidant with vitamin E, one can develop selenium deficiency if there are inadequate amounts in soil and water. Those who develop a deficiency present with what clinical features?
A
Myopathy
Cardiomyopathy
23
Q
The clinical significance of a burn injury depends on:
A
Depth of burn
% of body surface covered by burn
Internal injuries (inhalation of fumes/heat)
24
Q
What units of radiation are used?
A
Curie
Gray
Sievert
25
Mercury binds to sulfhydryl groups in certain proteins, leading to damage in what areas of the body?
CNS
Kidneys
26
What are the manifestations of vitamin A deficiency
Night blindness
Epithelial metaplasia and keratinization of the eye, leading to dry eye, bitot spots, corneal destruction
Squamous metaplaisa of the respiratory epithelium resulting in increased pulmonary infections
Immune deficiency
27
Using cocaine can lead to a myocardial infarction through what mechanism?
Coronary artery vasoconstriction
Platelet aggregation
Thrombus formation
28
Cachexia is characterized by
Extreme weight loss
Fatigue
Muscle atrophy
Anemia
Anorexia
Edema
29
What is the treatment regimen for burn patients?
Fluid and electrolyte management
Infection control
30
One of the common features seen in alcoholics is fatty liver changes, how do these fatty liver changes arise?
NAD is require for fatty acid oxidation in the liver, when alcohol is metabolized by ADH, NAD is converted into NADH.
The lack of NAD allows for the accumulation of fat in the liver
31
Besides lung cancer, what other cancers is a person who smokes at risk for developing?
Esophageal
Pancreatic
Bladder
Kidney
Cervical
Bone marrow (leukemia)
32
What are the sources of vitamin D?
Sunshine
Dietary
33
How does the vitamin D deficiency eventually lead to decreased calcium absorption?
Without vitamin D, there is a decrease in the production of 1,25(OH)2D
Lack of the active form of vitamin D leads to a decrease in calcium and phosphorus absorption in the gut
Hypocalcemia activates parathyroid glands leading to mobilization of calcium and phosphorus from the bones, which gives rise to sxs of osteomalacia
34
Scurvy, a condition involving hemorrhages and healing defects, results from a deficiency in what vitamin?
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
35
What is the most important environmental source of carbon monoxide (CO)?
Burning of carbonaceous materials, such as car engines, furnaces and cigarettes
36
Persons struck by lightening often show what pathognomonic skin manifestation and how is this caused?
Lichtenberg figures
Rapid dispersion of charge from the surface of poorly conducting tissues
37
What radiation unit describes the energy absorbed by the target tissue per unit mass?
Gray
38
What morphological changes are seen in irradiated vessels?
Endothelial cell proliferation
Collagenous hyalinization
Thickening of the intima
\*Vessels become narrow or even obliterated\*
39
What agent is considered to be the main one involved in alcohol-induced laryngeal and esophageal cancer?
Acetaldehyde
40
Obesity is the main driver of metabolic syndrome, what consititutes metabolic syndrome?
Visceral or intra-abd adiposity
Insulin resistance
Hyperinsulinemia
Glucose intolerance
HTN
Decreased HDL
Hypertriglyceridemia
41
What is the legal blood alcohol level
80 mg/dL
42
When a patient has burns that cover more than 20% of their body, they often enter shock, what does this shock entail?
A rapid shift of body fluids into interstitial compartment resulting in generalized edema, increased pulmonary edema, excess heat loss, increased need for nutritional support
43
What morphological changes are see in the chromsomes after radiation exposure?
Deletions, translocations or fragmentations 2/2 double-stranded DNA breaks
Mitotic spindle bedcomes disorderly
Polyploidy or aneuploidy possibly
Nuclear swelling, condensation of the chromosomes, disruption of the nuclear membrane
Apoptosis may occur
44
What is the most common infection patients with burns encounter?
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
45
When a pediatric patient comes in with microcephaly, growth retardation, facial anomalies including no philtrum, and decreased mental function, what condition should you be suspicious of?
Fetal alcohol syndrome
46
The depth of a burn determines its severity, what are the classifications of burns?
1st degree/superficial = epidermis only; skin is red
2nd degree/partial thickness = epidermis and dermis; skin blisters
3rd degree/full thickness = Extends through to the subcutaneous tissue
47
Chronic alcoholism increases the risk for developing what other conditions?
Acute and chronic pancreatitis
Cancer of the oral cavity, esophagus, liver and breast (+/-)
48
Marasmus results from severe protein deprivation that affects the somatic store of proteins in skeletal muscle, what clinical manifestations arise from this?
Growth retardation and muscle loss, head appears too large for the body
Normal serum albumin
Anemia
Immune deficiency, particularly T-cell
49
Oral contraceptives may increase the risk of what type of cancer in women infected with HPV?
Cervical cancer
50
What clinical manifestations separate a Kwashiorkor child from a marasmus child?
Skin lesions that alter from hyper to hypopigmentation
Hair changes – loss of color OR darker hair
Fatty liver
Loss of appetite
Fluid retention
51
Ghrelin acts on what first order neuron?
What NT does this neuron release?
NPY/AgRP
NPY
52
What are the greatest threats to burn patients?
Shock
Sepsis
Respiratory insufficiency
53
Children exposed to lead often show what clinical manifestations?
Decreased IQ
Learning disabilities
Diminished psychomotor development
Blindness
Psychoses
Seizures
Coma
Lead lines on x-ray and gums
54
What occupational health exposure example disrupts hormonal balance
Organochlorines including DDT, PCB, dioxin
55
What radiation unit refers to the amount of radiation emitted by a source?
Curie
56
What would you seen on a peripheral blood smear of an individual who has been exposed to lead?
Hypochromic microcytic anemia
Basophilic stippling
Ring sideroblasts
57
Third degree burns are the most severe classification of burns, what symptoms do these patients have that are different from the other classifications of burns?
Loss of pain 2/2 damage of nerve fibers
Increased risk of infection
When burns heal, scars develop
May have loss of function or sensation after healing
58
What route of metabolism of alcohol is most important?
Via alcohol dehydrogenase in the cytosol
59
What changes are seen in the GI tract in chronic alcoholism?
Esophageal varices
Gastric ulcers
Bleeding from gastritis (coffee ground emesis)
60
Since 1990, what diseases have increased in the estimated years of life lost
CV disease
Cancer
HIV/AIDS
61
Exposure to cadmium results in an increased risk for developing what cancer?
Lung
62
In regards to thromboses, women who take birth control are at what type of risk for developing a clot?
6X increased risk of DVT and PE on oral contraceptives
63
Ghrelin, produced by the stomach, is responsible for?
Hunger
Activating pathways that promote food intake and inhibit energy expenditure
64
Clinical manifestations that arise secondary to anorexia nervosa
Amenorrhea
Decreased thyroid hormone release leading to decreased BMR (cold intolerance, bradycardia, constipation)
Decreased bone density
65
What is a characteristic sign of acute carbon monoxide poisoning?
Generalized cherry-red color to the skin and mucous membranes
66
The agents in cigarette smoke have various effects on the lungs, what are they?
Irritant effect on tracheobronchial mucoa leading to inflammation and increased mucous production, results in bronchitis
Recruitment of leukocytes which increase the release of elastase, resulting in emphysema
67
Explain the process of alcohol metabolism
Alcohol is absorbed unaltered in the stomach and small intestine
It is distributed to tissues and fluids directly in the blood
In the blood, alcohol is oxidized to acetaldehyde via alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)
Acetaldehyde is further metabolized into acetate by ADH, this acetate is utilized by the electron transport chain
68
Main functions of vitamin A
Maintanence of normal vision
Regulation of cell growth and differentiation
Regulation of lipid metabolism
69
Why is there not a straightforward definition of poison?
Because everything can be poisonous
The right dosage is important as it differentiates a remedy from a poison
70
What populations are at risk of health effects 2/2 ozone?
Healthy adults and children (Decreased lung function, increased airway reactivity, lung inflammation)
Athletes, outdoor workers, asthmatics (decreased exercise capacity, increased hospitalizations)
71
What are the clincial manifestations of arsenic poisoning
Paresthesias
Numbness
Pain
Hyperpigmentation, hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles
GI, CV, CNS toxicities
72
What symptoms occur when an individual reaches a blood alcohol level of 300 mg/dL or more?
Stuper, coma and possible respiratory arrest
73
Cadmium has preferential toxicity in the kidney and the lungs, what is the mechanism behind this toxicity?
The mechanism is unknown
However, it is thought to possibly be related to an increase in ROS
74
Exposure to radon, an indoor air pollutant derived from uranium, leads to an increased risk of developing
Lung cancer
75
Alcoholic cerebellar degeneration typically occurs after a few years with chronic alcoholics, what symptoms are seen with this?
Truncal instability
Broad-based stance
Ataxia
76
What pollutants are considered to be indoor?
Wood smoke
Bioaerosols
Radon
Formaldehyde
(CO and nitrogen dioxide are outdoor and indoor)
77
Normal function of vitamin D
Maintain plasma levels of calcium and phosphorus for metabolism, bone, and neuromuscular transmission
Required for the prevention of rickets (kids), osteomalacia (adults)
78
Worldwide, alcohol accounts for how many deaths per year?
1.8 million (3.2% of all deaths)
79
What is the mechanism behind malignany hyperthermia?
Inherited mutation in RYR1 that causes there to be a steep increase in the core body temp from muscle contractures after given anesthetics
80
What occupational health exposure is among the most potent carcinogens?
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
81
Leptin, a hormone released from adipocytes, is responsible for?
Satiety
Activating pathways that inhibit food intake and promote energy expenditure
82
Obesity is associated with Pickwinan syndrome, what characterizes this syndrome?
Hypersomnolence
Sleep apnea
Polycythemia
Right sided heart failure (cor pulmonale)
83
What populations are at risk of health effects 2/2 sulfur dioxide
Healthy adults (increased respiratory symptoms)
Individuals with chronic lung dz (increased mortality)
Asthmatics (increased hospitalization, decreased lung function)
84
What differentiates bulimia from anorexia nervosa?
Anorexia nervosa consists of self-induced starvation while bulimia results when a patient binge eats and then induces vomiting
85
Risk of tobacco use are determined in pack years, how do you calculate a patient's pack year?
Avg # of cigarettes smoked per day X # of yrs they've been smoking
86
What are typical signs of secondary malnutrition
Depletion of subcutaneous fat in the arms, chest wall, shoulders and metacarpal regions
Wasting of the quads and deltoid ms.
Ankle or sacral edema
87
Toxicology is considered to be the science of poisons, what does toxicology focus on?
The distribution, effect and MOA of toxic agents
88
Climate change is expected to have a negative effect on human health by increasing the incidence of certain diseases, including:
Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases
Gastroenteritis, cholera and other foodborne and waterborne illnesses
Vector-borne diseases (malaria, dengue fever)
Malnutrition
89
Iodine is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone, those with an iodine deficiency typically present with what clinical features?
Goiter and hypothyroidism
90
The effects of DNA by ionizing radiation can occur through what mechanisms?
Direct DNA damage
Indirect DNA damage via free radical formation
91
How does hyperinsulinemia contribute to cancer?
Hyperinsulinemia results in an increase in free IGF-1
IGF-1 acts as a mitogen
92
Kwashiorkor occurs when there is a protein deficit in the diet, rather than a total calorie depletion; what arises 2/2 this protein deficit?
Hypoalbuminemia resulting in dependent edema
Vitamin deficiency
Immune deficiency
Secondary infections
93
Menopausal hormone therapy increases risk for what conditions?
Stroke
DVT
PE
94
Define disability adjusted life year
sum of years of life **lost** d/t premature mortality and disability in a population
95
Why are fine or ultrafine particles of soot (less than 10μm) the most harmful?
They are not trapped by the respiratory epithelium in the nose and are able to deposit in the alveoli
In the alveoli, they are phagocytosed by macrophages and neutrophils, which respond by releaseing inflammatory mediators
96
What effect does the p450 system have on xenobiotics?
The P450 system catalyzes reactions that either detoxify xenobiotics or convert them into active compounds that cause cellular injury through the production of ROS
97
What populations are commonly affected by malnutrition?
Infants and children in developing countries
Debilitated patients in nursing homes and hospitals
98
Through what mechanism does arsenic interfere with cellular metabolism?
Interferes with mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by replacing the phosphates in ATP and messes with other enzymes
99
What are the overall effects of the tobacco smoke constituents?
Carcinogenesis
Tumor promotion
Mucosal irritation
Impaired oxygen transport
100
Why do alcoholics have an increased susceptability to other drugs, anesthetics, carcinogens, and industrial solvents
Alcohol induces CYPs, but in high concentrations alcohol inhibits the metabolism of these compounds by the CYPs
101
Copper deficiency presents with?
Muscle weakness
Neurologic deficits
Abnormal collagen cross-linking
102
What are the clinical manifestations of a patient presenting with mercury poisoning?
Tremor
Gingivitis
Bizarre behavior
103
What leads to analgesic nephropathy
Analgesic mixtures of aspirin and phenacetin or its active metabolite, acetominophen, when taken over several years, can cause tubulointerstitial nephritis with renal papillary necrosis
104
What drug of abuse shows detectable brain damage on MRI?
Huffing/glue sniffing
105
What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for cocaine use?
Tachycardia
HTN
Peripheral vasoconstriction
MI
Hyperpyrexia
Seizures
Nasal polyps
106
Evidence of what on a peripheral blood smear leads you to suspicion of an iron deficiency?
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
107
In the postnatal period, 50% of deaths of children under 3 years old are attributed to what conditions, all of which are preventable
PNA
Diarrhea
Malaria
108
Children exposed to second hand smoke are at risk of developing what condition
Asthma
Other respiratory illnesses
109
What symptoms would you see in a patient that would lead you to suspect acute vitamin A toxicity?
HA
Dizzines
Vomiting
Stupor
Blurred vision
Confusion
Pseudotumor cerebri
110
What morphologic changes are seen in the nucleus after radiation exposure?
Giant cells with pleomorphic nuclei or more than one nucleus
Markers of cell death such as nuclear pyknosis and lysis
111
A significant cause of morbidity and mortality among at-risk individuals with preexisting cardiac or pulmonary disease is?
Air pollution
112
What are the effects of cadmium on the kidneys and lungs?
Obstructive lung disease
Renal tubular damage leading to calcium loss and subsequent skeletal abnormalities
113
In developing countries, five of the 10 leading causes of death are related to
Infectious disease
114
What vitamin do humans not synthesize endogenously, and thus are completely dependent on dietary intake of?
Vitamin C
115
Clinical manifestations that arise 2/2 bulimia
Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia) leading to cardiac arrhythmia
Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents
Esophageal and gastric rupture
116
What are the 7 occupational health exposures that are associated with human disease?
Organic solvents
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Organchlorines
Dioxins & PCBs
Mineral Dusts
Vinyl chloride
BPA
117
What is the most serious consequence of chronic exposure to arsenic?
Increased risk of developing lung, bladder and/or skin CA
118
What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for use of bath salts?
Agitation
Psychosis
MI
Attempted suicide
119
A patient with HTN and HLD who smokes is at significant risk for
MI
120
Clinical manifestations of lead exposure in adults?
Peripheral neuropathies
Foot drop
Wrist drop
Lead "colic" (abd pain)
Lead lines
121
Clinical manifestation of rickets?
Frontal bossing
Square head
Rachitic rosary deformation of the chest
Pectus carinatum
Lumbar lordosis
Bow legged
122
What are the clinical manifestations seen in those using anabolic steroids?
Stunted growth
acne
Gynecomastia
Testicular atrophy
facial hair and menstrual changes in women
Psychiatric issues
Increased risk of MI
123
Obesity is defined as
An accumulation of adipose tissue that is of sufficient magnitude to impair health
124
Leptin primarily acts on what first order neuron?
What NT does this neuron release?
POMC/CART
α-MSH
125
The main intracellular protective mechanism against mercury-induced CNS and kidney damage is?
What is the mechanism behind this protection?
Glutathione
Acts as a sulfhydryl donor, preventing the binding of mercury to these groups
126
When does acute radiation syndrome arise?
When levels of radiation exposure increase to a certain level, health effects begin to occur (vomiting, hair loss, fever, diarrhea etc)
At progressively higher doses, the CNS damage ensues
127
What changes are seen in the liver in chronic alcoholism?
\*this is the main site of chronic injury\*
Steatosis
Alcoholic hepatitis
Cirrhosis
128
What is a common manifestation of chronic acetominophen use?
Centrilobular necrosis
129
What are the categories of emerging infectious diseases?
Newly evolved strains or organisms (drug resistent TB)
Pathogens endemic to other species that recently jumped to human populations (HIV)
Pathogens that have been present in human population, but show recent increase in incidence
130
When is a child considered to have marasmus?
when weight falls to 60% of normal for their sex, height and age
131
Zinc deficiencys present with what clinical manifestations?
Rash around the eyes, mouth, nose and anus (termed acrodermatitis enteropathica)
Anorexia and diarrhea
Growth retardation in children
Depressed mental function
Depressed wound healing and immune response
Impaired night vision
Infertility
132
Common drugs of abuse include
Opiates
Cocaine
Marijuana
NMDA (ecstasy)
Huffing
Bath salts
133
What is the most common indoor air pollutant?
Tobacco smoke
134
What is the range for a normal BMI?
18-25 kg/m2
135
Particulate matter (soot) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality related to?
pulmonary inflammation
secondary cardiovascular effects
136
The health impacts of climate change will depend on what?
Its extent and rapidity
The nature and severity of the ensuing consequences
Humankinds ability to mitigate the damage
137
How does sulfur dioxide induce burning sensation in the nose and throat, dyspnea, and asthma in asthmatics?
When sulfur dioxide is produced and released into the air, it is converted into surlfuric acid and sulfuric trioxide which induces these effects
138
What are the potent carcinogens found in cigarettes that are involved in the development of lung cancer seen in chronic smokers?
Polycyclic hydrocarbons
Nitrosamines
139
Mechanism of cachexia
Proteolysis-inducing factor produced by tumors and TNF produced by immune cells active NF-kB
NF-kB initiates the transcription of muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases
These ligases ubiquitinate structural components of myofibrils, leading to their degradation by the proteosome
140
What therapeutic drug is the most common analgesic used in the US, accounts for about half of all acute liver failures, and is detoxified by primarily by phase II enzymes?
Acetominophen
141
Obese individuals are at an increased risk for CAD because of
hypertriglyceridemia
low HDL
142
It has been proven that oral contraceptives do not increase the risk of what conditions?
Breast CA
CAD in women \< 30 years old
143
What changes are seen in the heart in chronic alcoholism?
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy, which consists of dilated congestive cardiomyopathy and HTN
144
Smoking is strongly linked to the development of what condition?
Atherosclerosis
145
At what BMI is an individual considered to be obese?
30 kg/m2
146
The antibiotic minocycline often causes adverse drug reactions, what manifests clinically, that indicates this drug reaction?
Discoloration of the skin
147
Emerging infectious diseases are an important component of the global burden of disease, these infections are defined as those that...
the incidence has recently increased or could responably be expected to increase in the near future
148
Since 1990, what diseases have gone down in terms of the estimated years of life lost?
Neonatal conditions
Diarrhea, lower respiratory infections and other common infectious diseases
149
Someone exposed to second hand smoke has a ___ x risk of developing lung cancer compared to someone who has not been exposed to cigarette smoke
1.3
150
There are 15,000 annual deaths 2/2 liver cirrhosis, this liver cirrhosis is due to?
Alcohol abuse
151
What are the major anatomic targets of lead exposure
Bone marrow
Blood
Nervous system
GI tract
Kidneys
152
What clinical signs and symptoms are seen in an individual that would increase your suspiscion for use of methamphetamines?
violent behaviors
confusion
psychotic symptoms (paranoia, hallucinations)
153
What vitamin is imparative in collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C
154
What disorder has the highest death rate of any psychiatric disorder?
Anorexia Nervosa
155
Hypothermia occurs when the body temperature falls below 90 degrees F, what symptoms manifest at this body temperature?
Loss of consciousness (LOC)
Bradycardia
AFib
156
What are the leading causes of death in developed countries?
Ischemic heart disease
cerebrovascular disease
157
What are the cancer risks from radiation exposure?
There is increased incidence of development of secondary cancers, such as AML, myelodysplastic syndrome, and solid tumors in individuals who received radiation therapy for a primary CA such as Hodgkin Lymphoma
158
What exogenous substance is the leading cause of human cancers?
Tobacco
159
What is the mechanism of action of lead when exposed to it?
Lead binds to sulfhydrl groups in proteins and interferes with calcium metabolism, this leads to hematologic, skeletal, neurologic, GI and renal problems
160
What are the manifestations seen with acute alcoholism?
Depressive CNS effects
Hepatic steatosis (fatty liver)
Acute gastritis
Gastric ulcers
161
What is the COD in patients suffering from cachexia?
Atrophy of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles
162
Obesity is linked to an increased incidence of what disorders?
Type II DM
Dyslipidemias
CV disease
HTN
Cancer
163
What enzymes are capable of metabolizing alcohol and where are they found?
CYPs, in the ER
ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase) in the mitochondria
Catalase in the peroxisomes
164
What part of the brain is the central regulator of appetite and satiety?
Hypothalamus
165
What radiation unit depends on the biologic rather than hte physical effects of radiation?
Sievert
166
Principal culprit in climate change
Rising atmospheric level of greenhouse gasses, particularly CO2
Ozone
Methane
167
Carbon monoxide is a non-irritating, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that can cause coma or death within 5 minutes, how does death occur?
CO induces CNS depression, resulting to ischemic changes specifically in the basal ganglia and lenticular nuclei
CO binds so tightly to Hgb (at a higher affinity than O2) which causes severe hypoxemia
