Neoplasia: Lung and Colon Cancer

Question 1

4 majors subdivisions of lung cancer:

Answer 1

1. Squamous cell carcinoma (origin from basal cells)
2. Small cell (oat cell) carcinoma (origin from neuroendocrine-type cell in the lung) –> survival rate nul.
3. Large cell (undifferentiated) carcinoma
4. Adenocarcinoma (Carcinoma of gland or tissue originates from glandular cells)

Question 2

Particularity with small cell carcinoma response to chemotherapy:

Answer 2

• Initially very responsive to chemotherapy
• Lung will collapse due to the quantity of small cancer cells
• The lung will reinflate with less visible tumor as regular therapy are done.
• Will give people important remission for a short period of time (Survival rate is zero)

Question 3

Tumor growth within thoracic cavity resulting in:

Answer 3

• Tracheal obstruction
• Esophageal compression
• Hoarseness, laryngeal nerve
• Lymphatic obstruction, pleural effusion
• Obstruction of the vena cava
• Heart failure

Question 4

Symptoms of lung cancer:

Answer 4

1. Local effects:
   - hemoptysis
   - Bronchiectasis causing occlusion, leading to obstructive pneumonia and pleural effusion
2. Distal effects:
   - Due to compounds released by the tumor cells itself.

Question 5

Lung cancer metastasis:

Answer 5

Brain
Bone
Liver
Adrenal Gland

Question 6

Causes of lung cancer:

Answer 6

• Cigarette smoking, second hand smoke
• Radon (decay product of uranium)
• Asbestos (can cause mesothelioma)
• Asbestos + cigarette smoking (increase risk by 50-90%)

Question 7

Colorectal cancer development:

Answer 7

Adenomatous polyp–> clonal expansion

Question 8

Carcinoma embryonic antigen (CEA)

Answer 8

is a tumor marker good for monitoring the response to therapy.

Question 9

Particularity with the right side cancer cell:

Answer 9

• Tend to grow fairly extensively before detection
• Occult blood loss
• Greater chance of perforating the intestine

Question 10

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is

Answer 10

• Born with one abnormal APC gene which causes thousands of polyps throughout the GI tract. (will not take long before getting a second defective enzyme)
• APC regulates B catenin (needed to regulate the cell growth)

Question 11

RIsk factors for colorectal cancer:

Answer 11

• Diet (high in fat, low in fiber)
• Cigarette smoking
• Inflammatory bowel disease
• Obesity-related cancers (inflammation promoting cytokines and carcinogenic process)
• Microbiome altered by diet

Question 12

Esophageal cancer principle risk factor:

Answer 12

-Smoking and alcohol consumption