Cardiovascular Pathology: Heart Diseases

Question 1

Inverted P wave can be caused by:

Answer 1

AV node takes over and has a retrograde conduction.

Question 2

The single biggest risk for stroke is:

Answer 2

Atrial fibrillation

Question 3

Why can we survive to the atrial fibrillation?

Answer 3

Because even if the atria do not contract after been filled out, the blood still flows passively.

Question 4

Stenosis:

Answer 4

The opening is impaired, it doesn’t close properly and the open smaller than normal.

Question 5

The Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease is caused by:

Answer 5

the infection with B-hemolytic streptococcus (classic strep throat)

Question 6

Chronic Rheumatic heart disease physiopatho:

Answer 6

During a classic strep throat, our T-cells and antibodies are activated against the streptococcus BUT it also recognize a similar type of antigen that is present in cardiac muscles and the valves glycopeptides and ends up damaging the valves with repeated strep throat infection. (cross-reaction, similar feature/antigens)

Question 7

Acute rheumatic fever symptoms/signs:

Answer 7

• A sore throat with aches (pain)

- “Vegetations” on the valves (small, sterile and aggregation made of fibrin and platelets.)

Question 8

Aortic stenosis can result in:

Answer 8

Calcification

Question 9

Rheumatic fever is and is caused by:

Answer 9

• An autoimmune damage
• Direct damage by IV drugs users, immunocompromised, sepsis
• Due to Fungal endocarditis

Question 10

Aortic stenosis consequences:

Answer 10

• Angina
• Syncope
• LV hypertrophy
• LV failure

Question 11

Aortic regurgitation consequences:

Answer 11

• Fatigue
• Dyspnea
• LV dilatation
• Heart failure

Question 12

Aortic regurgitation physiopatho:

Answer 12

• Valve doesn’t close adequately, blood flows backward, leading to an excess amount of blood in the ventricle all the time.
• The volume can end up in the lungs.

Question 13

Mitral stenosis physiopatho:

Answer 13

• the mitral valve is narrowed, the atriums need to work harder to contract to push the blood through it.
• The left atrium can hypertrophy and dilate**
• The higher pressure will go through the pulmonary circuit and now, increased pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs and work its way back to the right side of the heart.

Question 14

Mitral regurgitation consequences:

Answer 14

• Dyspnea
• Left ventricle (Dilate and hypertrophy)
• Left atrium (Dilate and hypertrophy)
• Lung affected
• Hypertrophy of the both side of the heart

Question 15

Ball-and-cage tx:

Answer 15

when chamber contracts, it pushes the ball down against the cage so the blood can flow around it.

Question 16

Congestive heart failure physiopatho:

Answer 16

1. Loss of myocardial efficiency (Inadequate cardiac output)
2. Initiation of compensatory mechanisms (Dilation–> Starling’s Law, Hypertrophy, Tachycardia, retention of salt and water by kidneys)
3. Failure of compensatory mechanisms
4. HEART FAILURE

Question 17

Starling’s Law is:

Answer 17

End-diastolic volume (Preload) increases the contractility of the ventricle. As it dilates, it contracts more forcefully to handle the amount of blood that’s coming back.

Question 18

Nocturia is due to:

Answer 18

(frequent peeing during the night) is due to, different distribution of blood when lying down and the kidneys retain water during the day/when standing)

Question 19

Cor pulmonale is:

Answer 19

(right-sided heart failure)

Is an enlargement of the right ventricle due to high blood pressure in the lungs.

Question 20

COPD and Pulmonary hypertension can cause:

Answer 20

Right heart failure

Question 21

Cardiogenic shock or any type of shock is:

Answer 21

when the blood volume and pressure isn’t adequate to sustain normal tissue function. (tissue anoxia and ischemia, renal failure, lung disease, cardiac and respiratory failure)

Question 22

Why is cocaine is a risk factor for CVD (cerebrovascular disease)?

Answer 22

-Some people have an unusual sensitivity to cocaine and will have a severe vasospasm in response to cocaine.

Question 23

Saccular Aneurysm/Berry Aneurysm is:

Answer 23

An aneurysm that is located in the brain.

This is common but usually, do not rupture. But can lead to hemorrhage.

Question 24

What happens to the tissues after a hemorrhage?

Answer 24

There will be a cerebral vasospasm after 7-10days due to compounds being released from the dissolving thrombus, leading to liquefactive necrosis.

Question 25

the most frequent site of stroke is:

Answer 25

in the Middle cerebral

Question 26

Collateral flow in the brain:

1. The most collateral bifurgation is
2. The least/limited collateral bifurgation is

Answer 26

1. Around the Circle of Willis

2. More as we are going outward in the brain

Question 27

Dynamic changes following a stroke:

Answer 27

1. Mecrosis/apoptosis of neurons
2. Inflammation
3. Repair and remodeling in some areas
4. Plasticity, functionnal recovery (cannot get back the neurons but can get some functional recovery back by learning new ways to do it)

Question 28

Penumbra means:

Answer 28

area of salvageable damage