Cardiovascular Pathology: Heart Diseases Flashcards
Inverted P wave can be caused by:
AV node takes over and has a retrograde conduction.
The single biggest risk for stroke is:
Atrial fibrillation
Why can we survive to the atrial fibrillation?
Because even if the atria do not contract after been filled out, the blood still flows passively.
Stenosis:
The opening is impaired, it doesn’t close properly and the open smaller than normal.
The Chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease is caused by:
the infection with B-hemolytic streptococcus (classic strep throat)
Chronic Rheumatic heart disease physiopatho:
During a classic strep throat, our T-cells and antibodies are activated against the streptococcus BUT it also recognize a similar type of antigen that is present in cardiac muscles and the valves glycopeptides and ends up damaging the valves with repeated strep throat infection. (cross-reaction, similar feature/antigens)
Acute rheumatic fever symptoms/signs:
- A sore throat with aches (pain)
- “Vegetations” on the valves (small, sterile and aggregation made of fibrin and platelets.)
Aortic stenosis can result in:
Calcification
Rheumatic fever is and is caused by:
- An autoimmune damage
- Direct damage by IV drugs users, immunocompromised, sepsis
- Due to Fungal endocarditis
Aortic stenosis consequences:
- Angina
- Syncope
- LV hypertrophy
- LV failure
Aortic regurgitation consequences:
- Fatigue
- Dyspnea
- LV dilatation
- Heart failure
Aortic regurgitation physiopatho:
- Valve doesn’t close adequately, blood flows backward, leading to an excess amount of blood in the ventricle all the time.
- The volume can end up in the lungs.
Mitral stenosis physiopatho:
- the mitral valve is narrowed, the atriums need to work harder to contract to push the blood through it.
- The left atrium can hypertrophy and dilate**
- The higher pressure will go through the pulmonary circuit and now, increased pressure in the blood vessels in the lungs and work its way back to the right side of the heart.
Mitral regurgitation consequences:
- Dyspnea
- Left ventricle (Dilate and hypertrophy)
- Left atrium (Dilate and hypertrophy)
- Lung affected
- Hypertrophy of the both side of the heart
Ball-and-cage tx:
when chamber contracts, it pushes the ball down against the cage so the blood can flow around it.
Congestive heart failure physiopatho:
- Loss of myocardial efficiency (Inadequate cardiac output)
- Initiation of compensatory mechanisms (Dilation–> Starling’s Law, Hypertrophy, Tachycardia, retention of salt and water by kidneys)
- Failure of compensatory mechanisms
- HEART FAILURE
Starling’s Law is:
End-diastolic volume (Preload) increases the contractility of the ventricle. As it dilates, it contracts more forcefully to handle the amount of blood that’s coming back.
Nocturia is due to:
(frequent peeing during the night) is due to, different distribution of blood when lying down and the kidneys retain water during the day/when standing)
Cor pulmonale is:
(right-sided heart failure)
Is an enlargement of the right ventricle due to high blood pressure in the lungs.
COPD and Pulmonary hypertension can cause:
Right heart failure
Cardiogenic shock or any type of shock is:
when the blood volume and pressure isn’t adequate to sustain normal tissue function. (tissue anoxia and ischemia, renal failure, lung disease, cardiac and respiratory failure)
Why is cocaine is a risk factor for CVD (cerebrovascular disease)?
-Some people have an unusual sensitivity to cocaine and will have a severe vasospasm in response to cocaine.
Saccular Aneurysm/Berry Aneurysm is:
An aneurysm that is located in the brain.
This is common but usually, do not rupture. But can lead to hemorrhage.
What happens to the tissues after a hemorrhage?
There will be a cerebral vasospasm after 7-10days due to compounds being released from the dissolving thrombus, leading to liquefactive necrosis.
