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Module #4 > Neoplasia II > Flashcards

Neoplasia II Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cancer Staging?

A

Staging how far a malignancy has spread

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2
Q

Why is Cancer Staging important?

A

because it is the most important factor in prognosis

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3
Q

TNM system: Primary tumor size; depth of invasion…What letter?

A

T

T= 1, 2, 3, 4

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4
Q

TNM system: Nodal involvement. Degree of lymph node involment….What letter?

A

N
N0= no nodes involved
N1= regional nodes

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5
Q

TNM system: Blood borne metastases; extent of distant metastases…What letter?

A

M
M0= none
M1= metastases present

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6
Q

What is the strongest predictor of prognosis? Grade or Stage?

A

Stage

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7
Q

In any cancer, what would Stage 0 mean?

A

in situ carcinoma (Tis); no nodal metastases (N0); no blood borne metastases (M0)

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8
Q

In any cancer, what would Stage I mean?

A

small INVASIVE primary tumor, N0, M0

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9
Q

In any cancer, what would Stage IV mean?

A

blood borne metastases (to liver, lungs, etc) EXTENSIVE, INOPERABLE local tumor (T4)

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10
Q

Benign vs. Malignant:

Metastases?

A

Benign: NO
Malignant: YES

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11
Q

Benign vs. Malignant: Invasion?

A

Benign: SELDOM
Malignant: COMMON

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12
Q

Benign vs. Malignant: CAPSULE

A

Benign: OFTEN
Malignant: SELDOME

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13
Q

Benign vs. Malignant: MARGIN

A

Benign: PUSHING/EXPANSIBLE
Malignant: INFILTRATIVE

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14
Q

Benign vs. Malignant:

DIFFERENTIATION

A

Benign: WELL
Malignant: WELL TO ANAPLASTIC

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15
Q

Benign vs. Malignant:

RATE OF GROWTH

A

Benign: SLOW
Malignant: RAPID

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16
Q

Benign vs. Malignant: FATAL?

A

Benign: RARE EXCEPT CNS
Malignant: COMMON IF UNTREATED

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17
Q

What are the most common cancers in adults?

A

Males: Prostate, Lung, Colon

Females: Breast, Lung, Colon

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18
Q

What are the most common cancers in adults that CAUSE DEATH?

A

Males: Prostate, Lung, Colon

Females: Breast, Lung, Colon

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19
Q

In children what is the most common cancer?

A

Acute Leukemia

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20
Q

In children, what is the most common “solid tumor”?

A

Brain tumor

21
Q

In children, what are the COMMON TUMORS under age 4?

A

Acute leukemia, brain tumor, Neuroblastoma, Nephroblastoma, Hepatoblastoma

22
Q

What are some cancers associated with Alcohol?

A

Mouth-Larynx-Esophagus

Liver (cirrhosis)

23
Q

What are some cancers associated with Tabacco?

A 
Mouth-larynx-esophagus
Kidney and Urinary bladder
Pancreas
Uterine cervix
Lung
24
Q

What are other major environmental causes of cancer?

A

Viruses, Chemicals, Radiation

25
Q

What are some cancers associated with UV radiation?

A
  • Squamous cell carcinoma
  • Basal cell carcinoma
  • Malignant melanoma
26
Q

Occupational Exposure that correlate with Tumor:

ARSENIC

A

Cancers:
Skin, Lung, HEMAN-GIO-CARCOMA
Occupations:
Metal working, electrictal and fungicides

27
Q

Occupational Exposure that correlate with Tumor:

ASBESTOS

A

Cancer: Lung cancer and mesothelioma
Ocupations:
Brake lining, Insulation

28
Q

Occupational Exposure that correlate with Tumor: BENZENE

A

Cancer: Acute leukemia
Occupation: Light oil; dry cleaning;
Paints; printing, etc

29
Q

Occupational Exposure that correlate with Tumor: RADON

A

Cancer: Lung cancer
Occupation: Uranium mining

30
Q

Occupational Exposure that correlate with Tumor: VINYL CHLORIDE (Plastics)

A

Cancer: Hepatic, angiosarcoma

Occupations: Plastic manufacturer, refrigerant

31
Q

Genetic Influences:

Cancers are either _____ or ________

A

Familial, Sporadic

32
Q

In Genetic Influences what does FAMILIAL mean?

A

FAMILIAL: Inherited predisposition

33
Q

In Genetic Influences what does SPORATIC mean?

A

SPORATIC: new mutaions

34
Q

What percentage of cancer is due to an INHERITED mutation in cancer gene?

A

> 10%

35
Q

What is the most likely basis of familial cancer predisposition?

A

Most familial cancers are likely due to inherited polymorphisms in enzymes or receptors

36
Q

What are the general features of familial cancer syndromes?

A
  1. Two or more persons in direct blood line with cancers in the same group
  2. Onset tends to be at a younger age
  3. Cancers are often multifunctional, bilateral and pts get second (even third) cancer types.
  4. Most are AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
37
Q

What are some examples of FAMILIAL CANCERS?

A

Breast and Ovarian Cancer- BRCA gene

38
Q

What is the Knudson’s 2 hit theory?

A

Two hits, that is LOSS or INACTIVATION of BOTH copies of the allele are related to cancer

39
Q

What gene is related to the Knudson’s 2 hit theory?

A

TUMMOR SUPPRESSOR gene-related malignancies

40
Q

What tumor?: Malignant tumor of eye characterized by Rb gene homozygous inactivation; chromosome 13

A

RETINOBLASTOMA

41
Q

When can Retinoblastoma be present in a child?

A

Early childhood, Median presentation age 2, may be present at birth

42
Q

What are the clinical signs of Retinoblastoma?

A

Loss of red reflex, Leukocoria(white reflection from the retina of the eye) or “cat’s eye pupil”

43
Q
  • Lisch Nodules (in iris of eye)
  • Cafe au lait (brown spots in body)
  • multiple neurofibroma are a sign of what BENIGN tumor?
A

NEURO-FIBRO-MA

44
Q

What tumor supressor gene is associated with NEURO-FIBRO-MA ?

A

Inherited defect of the tumor suppressor gene NF-1, it suppreses Ras oncogene

45
Q

Neurofibromas have a risk for transformation to what cancer???

A

NEURO-FIBRO-SARCOMA

46
Q

WHat is an Autosomal RECESSIVE cancer syndrome of defective DNA repair?

A

XERO-DERMA PIGMEN-TOSUM, (nucleotide excision repair (NER))

47
Q

What are two type of Retinoblastoma?

A

Sporadic type: involves ONE eye

Familial type: Risk for BILATERAL, MULTIFOCAL tumors

48
Q

What are the FOUR classes of regulatory genes that are the principle targets of DNA damage involved in malignant transformation?

A
  1. Oncogenes: ONE allele alteration is associated w/ neoplasia
  2. Tumor suppressor genes: loss of functions of BOTH alleles=loss growth-inhibitory signals
  3. Apoptotic gene alterations: BOTH alleles= evasion apoptosis
  4. DNA repair genes: BOTH alleles defects= accumulation of mutations
49
Q

What genes cause self-sufficiency in growth signals

A

ONCOGENES

Module #4 (6 decks)

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