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Module #4 > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Neo-

A

New

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2
Q

-plasia

A

(thing formed) growth

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3
Q

Adenoma:

A

neoplastic nodule, derived from or forming glands or polypoid growth from mucosal surface, skin

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4
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: BONE

A

Osteo-

Osteoma

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5
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: CARTILAGE

A

Chondro-

Chrondoma

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6
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: FIBROUS TISSUE

A

FIBRO-

FIBROMA

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7
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: FAT

A

LIPO-

LIPOMA

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8
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: STRIATED MUSCLE

A

RHABDOMYO-

RHABDO-MYO-MA

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9
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

LEIOMYO-

LEIOMYOMA

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10
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: BLOOD VESSELS

A

HEMANGIO-

HEMANGIOMA

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11
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: BLOOD VESSELS

A

ANGIO-

ANGIOMA

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12
Q

Nomenclature of benign mesenchymal neoplasia: LYMPH VESSELS

A

LYMPHANGIO-/ANGIO-

LYMPHANGIOMA

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13
Q

TUMOR-LIKE LESION:
Small areas of mature tissue form one organ present w/in another, developmental anomaly. Also called ectopic, “rests”? (3)

A

Heterotopia, Ectopia, Choristoma

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14
Q

Give an example for Heterotropic or Ectopic Tumor-like lesion?

A

Ectopic or Heterotopic breast.
Lingual thyroid
Ectopic Pancreas gland in stomach or small intestine

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15
Q

What is Choristoma?

A

NORMAL tissue growth in the wrong place.

EX: breast nipples

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16
Q

What is Coloboma?

A

It’s the ABSENCE of tissue in the eye or around the eye

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17
Q

What is Hamartoma?

A

Disorganized BUT benign masses composed of tissue native to the site

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18
Q

What are some examples of Hamartoma?

A 
Lisch Nodules (clusters of pigmented cells) found in patients with NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
Nodule of cartilage in the periphery of the lung (cartilage normally surrounds the bronchi)
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19
Q

Define Transformation with regard to neoplasm

A

MALIGNANT change in the target cell (cell changes from benign to malignant)

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20
Q

Define DIFFERENTIATION with regard to neoplasm

A

The extent to which a neoplastic cell resembles comparable normal cells

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21
Q

What are some microscopic morphologic characteristics of anaplasia?

A
  1. Pleomorphism ( the ability to alter shape or size in response to environmental conditions)
  2. Hyperchromatic nuclei
  3. Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
  4. Increased mitoses/ mitotic figures
  5. Loss polarity
  6. Tumor giant cells: necrosis.
22
Q

When a benign tumor cells are indistinguishable from non neoplastic (normal) cells of the same type is called???

A

Differentiation

23
Q

What is a tumor grade?

A

It’s the degree of differentiation

24
Q

WHat is the significance of tumor grade?

A

Shows degree of differentiation, how bad it is

25
Q

How is a Tumor graded? What are the grades?

A

Grade 1-3 or 4

26
Q

WHen grading a Tumor which grade is bad?

A

Grade 3 or 4

27
Q

When grading a Tumor which grade is “good”?

A

Grade 1

28
Q

WHen grading a tumor what does a Low grade mean?

A

Well differentiated, tend to Grow Slowly

29
Q

When grading a tumor what does a High grade mean?

A

Poorly differentiated, tend to Grow Rapidly

30
Q

Rapid growth leads to _______ and _______

A

hemorrhage and necrosis

31
Q

Tumor grading: What is Grade 1?

A

LOW grade= well differentiated, usually SLOW growing

32
Q

Tumor grading: What is Grade 2?

A

MODERATELY differentiated

33
Q

Tumor grading: What is Grade 3?

A

HIGH grade, poorly differentiated. Usually rapid growing with a poorer prognosis

34
Q

What is dysplasia in situ?

A

Precancer

35
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

a continuum with dysplasia

36
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue by the proliferation of cells of an abnormal type, as a developmental disorder or an early stage in the development of cancer.

37
Q

What is the significance of invasion by a neoplasm?

A

Invasion usually indicates that a neoplasm is MALIGNANT.

38
Q

WHat feature is commonly seen in BENIGN neoplasms?

A

Benign neoplasms do NOT invade but tend to be ENCAPSULATED.

39
Q

What is the synonym for invasion?

A

local EXTENSION

40
Q

Differences between benign and malignant

A

1 Benign tumors do NOT invade/ malignant tumors DO invade
2. Benign tumors for capsule/encapsulated/ Malignant invasion in second to METASTASES which is a reliable sign that a tumor is malignant

41
Q

What does METAS-TASIS mean?

A

TUMOR implants discontinuous with the primary tumor, most reliable sign of malignancy

42
Q

What does METAS-TASIS literally mean?

A

MOVED AWAY

43
Q

What is ANAPLASIA?

A

LACK of differentiation, DANGEROUS

44
Q

What are the THREE pathways of cancer spread?

A

Seeding
Lymphatic metastases
Blood borne matastases

45
Q

What is seeding? Give example

A

malignancy breaks through to a space; malignant cells drop onto a surface and grow.

Ex:gastrointestinal and ovarian tumors in the peritoneum; lung cancer and mesothelioma seed the pleural cavity; retinoblastoma within the eye

46
Q

What is Lymphatic Metastases?

A

Carcinomas invade into lymph channels; grow in lymph nodes draining the tumor, Regional lymph nodes are assessed when a carcinoma is removed

Ex:Cervical or neck lymph nodes when there is an oral malignancy

47
Q

What does the N in TNM system indicate?

A

N0=no metastases to nodes

N1= metastases to nodes

48
Q

What does the T in TNM system indicate?

A

the extent of invasion and size of the tumor

49
Q

What is the Blood borne metastases?

A

Characteristic of sarcoma or late occurrence for carcinoma. Invasion of veins takes cancer cells to lungs, liver, brain.

50
Q

What does the M in TNM system indicate?

A

Whether or not there is metastases via blood to other areas of the body

M0-no metasteses
M1-yes metastases

(M1=stage 4)

51
Q

What are the two malignant neoplasms that may be fatal despite the fact that they rarely metastasize??

A
  1. Glioma, a BRAIN tumor

2. Basal cell carcinoma of the skin

Module #4 (6 decks)

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