Neoplasia I and II Flashcards
What are the basic breaks in the cell cycle that lead to neoplasia?
increased growth
failure of differentiation
failure to die
(a disease of the DNA
- Differentiate between a neoplasm and a tumor.
a neoplasm is a mass of cells that do not contribute to the well being of the organism where as a tumor is merely a swelling
- Define neoplasia, malignancy and cancer.
neoplasia is defined as a tumor or overgrowth resulting from purposeless proliferation of intrinsically derived
abnormal cells
cancer is a relatively autonomous hereditable growth of tissue
malignant tumors demonstrate an ability to invade local tissues and to spread distantly
- Describe the characteristics of benign and malignant tumors, and their characteristics.
benign is mild, or no danger to health, not recurrent or progressive (not autonomous, defined capsular margin, generally well differentiated)
malignant is showing great malevolence, highly injurious, threatening to life- demonstrating an ability to invade local tissue and to spread distantly (destroys tissue, with very poorly differentiated and “ugly” cellular morphology)
Describe the two structural portions of a tumor.
parenchyma- actively growing portion made up of neoplastic cells
stroma is the supporting framework of the tumor made of connective tissue, vascular tissue and sometimes lymphatics (tumor initiated growth of stroma often termed angiogenensis)
- How are dysplasia and anaplasia different? What is the difference between positional and cytologic anaplasia?
cytologic anaplasia and dysplasia can be considered the same thing (hyperchromasia- darker staining of nuclei is typical of anapestic cells)
positional anaplasia is a characteristic of a tissue in which cells show normal morphology but have abnormal cellular architecture
- Neoplasia and cancer is a disease of cellular ______ where _____ changes in DNA result in purposeless proliferation of an organisms own cells. Cancer can be considered a disease of cellular ______.
DNA, subleathal, differentiation
- Describe the concept of neoplastic transformation.
the cell that has changed to neoplastic behavior is said to be transformed, these characteristics include:
doubling time- time for the neoplasms to double in size
necrosis: occurring when tumor outgrows its blood supply
invasion
- List four routes of metastasis.
hematogenous spread (carried by blood flow) lymphatic spread cross natural passages or within normal cavities mechanical implantation (movement by instrumentation)
Describe the characteristics of a pre-invasive cancer or carcinoma in situ (CIS) v. local invasion
a lesion where malignant epithelial cells with cytologic anaplasia have not yet broken through their associated basement membrane
local invasion is direct extension of the tumor into neighboring tissues, disrupting natural architecture
Cancer cells differ from normal cells in that they (4).
loose their internal controls (suppressors)
have abnormal responses to or defective mechanisms for external stimulation (oncogenes)
have the ability for cells to disassociate, travel and set up growth at distant sites (metastasis)
they can stimulate the growth of supporting stroma (angiogenesis and fibroplasia)
- Name the 3 types of benign epithelial neoplasms.
adenoma- glandular or secretory characteristics
papilloma- legion from multilayered epithelium projecting above the surface of normal epithelium
polyp: neoplastic or other lesion protruding from a secretory surface
9.What is the terminology for benign stromal neoplasms and benign tumors with both stromal and epithelial cells
stromal: state cell or origin and add “-oma”, if multiple cell types state both cell types , with most prominent cell type last
stromal/epithelial: ahem both cell types and add “-oma”
- Name and briefly describe the 4 types of malignant neoplasms.
carcinoma- of epithelium cell named first and carcinoma added on after
sarcoma: stromal neoplasms cell name and add sarcoma
lymphoma: named malignant lymphomas
leukemias: name the malignant cell type, add acute/chronic and end with leukemia
- What is a teratoma?
tumor derived from germ cells and have multiple cell types representative of all three germ cell layers
10.What is the goal of cytologic and histologic morphology classification in the diagnosis of tumors?
they are attempts to take medical evidence in order to generate prognosis four patient and predict responses to therapy, they may incorporate any feature that seems to have utility (cell type, morphology, degree of spread etc.)
note: different clones can arise as genetic damage progresses
- Identify the most common fatal cancers in males in females in the U.S.
males: lung/bronchus, prostate and colon/rectum
females: lungs/bronchus, breast, and colon/rectum
What is the difference between hodgkin and non-hodgkin lymphomas?
.
- Describe the general effects of tumors (system/body wide effects).
progressively impaired function of organs and tissues
malnutrition due to competition from tumor and depression of desire for food intake (cachexia- total body wasting in the face of chronic disease)
immunosupression (the most common way for a cancer patient to die is via infection)
paraneoplastic syndromes: tumors producing atypically substances that have negative effects on the host
- Describe local effects of tumor, adversely affecting the patient.
blood loss- disruption of normal architecture may cause blood vessel rupture with internal or external hemorrhage
necrosis can lead to impaired organ function and local inflammation
tissue replacement by tumor: impaired function of organs and tissues
obstruction: tumor can block vessels, lymphatics or obstruct the GI or GU tracts
Mass effect: growth in a closed space deleterious to organs bring to function in within space.
- Explain the high incidence of infectious disease in those patients with advanced cancer.
even without chemotherapy, the immune system tends to be depressed in many cancers by unclear mechanisms; the most frequent cause of death for cancer patients is secondary infectious disease
- Explain the concepts of grading and staging of a malignancy.
grade is how undifferentiated the cells are microscopically, as defined by a pathologist
state is how far the tumor has spread, as defined by a clinician
What is remission?
a patient who (is treated and) sustains a decrease in tumor mass, complete remission is achieved with absence of clinical or radio graphical signs of neoplasm after treatment
