Neoplasia I Flashcards
True or false? Benign tumors usually end in -oma
true
There are 2 basic components of all tumors. What are they?
parenchyma (malignant cells) reactive stroma (blood vessels, innate immune system cells, CT)
These are epithelial tumors arising in glands or with a glandular pattern
adenomas
there are adenomas producing large cystic masses; common in ovary
cystadenoma
These are epithelial tumors forming gross or microscopic finger-like projections
papillomas
These are tumors with macroscopic projection above the mucosa
polyps
There are two general categories of malignant tumors. Name them and their cell origin
carcinoma: epithelial cell origin
sarcoma: mesenchymal cell origin
These tumors are neoplastic cones of a single germ cell layer that differentiate into more than one cell type
mixed tumor
These tumors arise from totipotential germ cells that differentiate into many cell types. They are composed of various parenchymal elements from more than one germ cell layer.
teratoma
This tumor-like condition is ectopic rests of non-neoplastic tissues. Architecture is normal, but in an abnormal location. example: gastric fundic mucosa in duodenum
choristoma
This tumor-like condition is described by masses of disorganized tissue indigenous to a particular site. Location is normal, but architecture is abnormal.
hamartoma
Define pleomorhphism
variation in size and/or shape of cells and/or their nuclei
Benign tumors tend to grow ____, while malignant tumors grow _____
slowly; rapidly
What 3 factors determine growth rate of a tumor?
doubling time, growth fraction, rate of apoptosis or cell shedding
Define dysplasia
abnormal tissue organization and cytology, typically pertaining to pre-malignant conditions
Define anaplasia
lack of differentiation in malignant conditions
The more anapestic the cells are, the ____ they function like their normal counterparts
less
_____ in situ has the epithelial features of malignancy, without invasion or metastatic potential
carcinoma
Metastasis spread to sites discontinuous with the original mass. True or false?
true
What is a paraneoplastic syndrome?
a symptom complex in someone that can’t be explained by the mechanics of tumor spread or the substances produced by normal tissue of the region
note: endocrinopathies, hypercalcemia, neuropathies, thrombotic disorders
This paraneoplastic syndrome - small lung carcinoma - ACTH/ACTH like substance
cushing syndrome
This paraneoplastic syndrome - small lung carcinoma - ADH or atrial natriuretic hormones
SIADH
This paraneoplastic syndrome - squamous cell lung carcinoma, breast carcinoma, renal carcinoma - parathyroid hormone-related protein, TGF-alpha, TNF, IL-1
hypercalcemia
This paraneoplastic syndrome - ovarian carcinoma, fibrosarcoma, insulin, or insulin like substance
hypoglycemia
This paraneoplastic syndrome - bronchogenic carcinoma, thymoma - immune mediated
myasthenia gravis
This paraneoplastic syndrome - pancreatic carcinoma, bronchogenic carcinoma - mucins activate coagulation cascade
venous thormbosis
What is the grade of a tumor based on?
degree of differentiation, architecture, mitotic rate
What is the stage of a tumor based on?
size of malignancy, number of lymph nodes involved, presence or absence of distant metastases
