Cell Accumulation and Aging

Question 1

What are the 4 mechanisms of cell accumulation?

Answer 1

1. abnormal metabolism
2. defect in protein folding/transport
3. lack of enzyme
4. ingestion of indigestible materials

Question 2

What is Steatosis, and what is it caused by?

Answer 2

accumulation of intracellular parenchymal triglycerides in the liver, heart, and kidney; caused by imbalance among the uptake, utilization, and secretion of fat

Question 3

Atheroslcerosis, Xanthomas, and foamy macrophages are pathologic accumulations of what?

Answer 3

cholesterol

Question 4

In regards to excess accumulation, these structures can be seen in alcoholic liver disease

Answer 4

Russel bodies

Question 5

A disorder involving this type of protein could result in failure of structural stabilization or degradation

Answer 5

chaperone

Question 6

A pathogenic mechanism of a protein folding disorder: abnormal protein aggregation, which is characteristic of ____; a number of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

Answer 6

amyloidosis

Question 7

enic mechanism of a protein folding disorder: abnormal protein transport and secretion, which is characteristic of ____ ____ and ____-____ deficiency

Answer 7

cystic fibrosis; alpha1-antitrypsin

Question 8

This type of pathological change is homogenous, glassy, and eosinophilic. It results in nonspecific accumulations of proteinaceous material

Answer 8

hyaline change

Question 9

Primary amyloidosis is due to deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from what?

Answer 9

Ig light chains

Question 10

Primary amyloidosis is frequently associated with which type of disorders?

Answer 10

plasma cell disorders (ex: multiple myeloma)

Question 11

What causes secondary amyloidosis?

Answer 11

chronic tissue destruction leads to increased SAA

Question 12

Secondary amyloidosis is associated with which type of disorders?

Answer 12

chronic inflammatory, non inflammatory disorders (ex: renal cell carcinoma, and hodgkin disease)

Question 13

Accumulation of what causes permanent discoloration of the skin and gums?

Answer 13

exogenous pigments (lead, silver, or iron poisoning)

Question 14

Accumulation of this endogenous pigment is within the epidermis. There is an associated increase in sun tanning and decrease in albinism and vitiligo.

Answer 14

melanin

Question 15

Accumulation of this endogenous pigment cases jaundice.

Answer 15

Bilirubin

note: bilirubin is a catabolic product of hemoglobin

Question 16

Accumulation of this endogenous pigment consists of ferritin - golden brown amorphous aggregates

Answer 16

hemosiderin

Question 17

This endogenous pigment that can accumulate is yellowish, fat-soluble, and is an end product of membrane lipid peroxidation. It is referred to as the “wear and tear” pigment.

Answer 17

lipofuscin

Question 18

Accumulation of lipofuscin is most often within hepatocytes and nuclei of myocardial cells and is called ____ atrophy

Answer 18

brown

Question 19

Hyperparathyroidism
Osteolytic tumors
Hypervitaminosis D
Excess calcium intake

These can all lead to what?

Answer 19

metastatic calcification

Question 20

This type of calcification is defined as calcification in previously damaged tissue, such as areas of old trauma, tuberculosis lesions, scarred heart valves, and atherosclerotic lesions. The cause is NOT hypercalcemia.

Answer 20

dystrophic calcification

Question 21

All normal cells have a limited capacity for replication, and after a fixed number of divisions cells become arrested in a terminally non dividing state known as ____ _____

Answer 21

replicative senescence

Question 22

Telomere length is maintained by nucleotide addition mediated by an enzyme called _____

Answer 22

telomerase

Question 23

Telomerase activity is expressed in somatic cells, but is absent in most germ tissues. True or false?

Answer 23

false - present in germ cells, absent in somatic tissues

Question 24

How does telomerase play a role inn an immortalized cancer cell?

Answer 24

it’s reactivated and telomere length is stabilized - allows cells to proliferate indefinitely