Cell Accumulation and Aging Flashcards
What are the 4 mechanisms of cell accumulation?
- abnormal metabolism
- defect in protein folding/transport
- lack of enzyme
- ingestion of indigestible materials
What is Steatosis, and what is it caused by?
accumulation of intracellular parenchymal triglycerides in the liver, heart, and kidney; caused by imbalance among the uptake, utilization, and secretion of fat
Atheroslcerosis, Xanthomas, and foamy macrophages are pathologic accumulations of what?
cholesterol
In regards to excess accumulation, these structures can be seen in alcoholic liver disease
Russel bodies
A disorder involving this type of protein could result in failure of structural stabilization or degradation
chaperone
A pathogenic mechanism of a protein folding disorder: abnormal protein aggregation, which is characteristic of ____; a number of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s
amyloidosis
enic mechanism of a protein folding disorder: abnormal protein transport and secretion, which is characteristic of ____ ____ and ____-____ deficiency
cystic fibrosis; alpha1-antitrypsin
This type of pathological change is homogenous, glassy, and eosinophilic. It results in nonspecific accumulations of proteinaceous material
hyaline change
Primary amyloidosis is due to deposition of amyloid fibrils derived from what?
Ig light chains
Primary amyloidosis is frequently associated with which type of disorders?
plasma cell disorders (ex: multiple myeloma)
What causes secondary amyloidosis?
chronic tissue destruction leads to increased SAA
Secondary amyloidosis is associated with which type of disorders?
chronic inflammatory, non inflammatory disorders (ex: renal cell carcinoma, and hodgkin disease)
Accumulation of what causes permanent discoloration of the skin and gums?
exogenous pigments (lead, silver, or iron poisoning)
Accumulation of this endogenous pigment is within the epidermis. There is an associated increase in sun tanning and decrease in albinism and vitiligo.
melanin
Accumulation of this endogenous pigment cases jaundice.
Bilirubin
note: bilirubin is a catabolic product of hemoglobin
Accumulation of this endogenous pigment consists of ferritin - golden brown amorphous aggregates
hemosiderin
This endogenous pigment that can accumulate is yellowish, fat-soluble, and is an end product of membrane lipid peroxidation. It is referred to as the “wear and tear” pigment.
lipofuscin
Accumulation of lipofuscin is most often within hepatocytes and nuclei of myocardial cells and is called ____ atrophy
brown
Hyperparathyroidism
Osteolytic tumors
Hypervitaminosis D
Excess calcium intake
These can all lead to what?
metastatic calcification
This type of calcification is defined as calcification in previously damaged tissue, such as areas of old trauma, tuberculosis lesions, scarred heart valves, and atherosclerotic lesions. The cause is NOT hypercalcemia.
dystrophic calcification
All normal cells have a limited capacity for replication, and after a fixed number of divisions cells become arrested in a terminally non dividing state known as ____ _____
replicative senescence
Telomere length is maintained by nucleotide addition mediated by an enzyme called _____
telomerase
Telomerase activity is expressed in somatic cells, but is absent in most germ tissues. True or false?
false - present in germ cells, absent in somatic tissues
How does telomerase play a role inn an immortalized cancer cell?
it’s reactivated and telomere length is stabilized - allows cells to proliferate indefinitely
