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Pathology > Neoplasia hw > Flashcards

Neoplasia hw Flashcards

1
Q

Agent most responsible for cancer and cancer deaths in the US

A

Tobacco

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2
Q

Sequence of chemical carcinogenesis

A

Initiaion → promotion→ progression

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3
Q

Aflatoxin (from aspergillus)

A

HCC in assoc. w/ Hep B

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4
Q

Alcohol

A

Squamous cell carcinoma or oropharynx and upper/middle esophagus; pancreatic and Hepatocellular carcinomas

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5
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Malignant lymphoma

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6
Q

Arsenic

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of skin, lung cancer, liver angiosarcoma

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7
Q

Asbestos

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma, pleural mesothelioma

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8
Q

Benzene

A

Acute Leukemia

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9
Q

Beryllium

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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10
Q

Chromium

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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11
Q

Cyclophosphamide

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

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12
Q

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)

A

Clear cell carcinoma of vagina/cervix

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13
Q

β-Naphthylamine (aniline dyes)

A

Transitional cell carcinoma of urinary bladder

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14
Q

Nickel

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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15
Q

Oral Contraceptives

A

Breast, cervical carcinomas

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16
Q

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

A

Squamous cell carcinoma: oral cavity, midesophagus, larynx, lung; Adenocarcinoma: pancreas, kidney; Transitional cell carcinoma: urinary bladder, renal pelvis

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17
Q

Silica

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

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18
Q

Oncogenic RNA viruses

A

HCV , HTLV-1 (human T-cell lymphotropic virus)

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19
Q

HCV

A

produces postnecrotic cirrhosis; HCC

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20
Q

HTVL-1 (Human T-cell lymphotropic Virus)

A

Activates TAX gene, stimulates polyclonal T-cell proliferation, inhibits P53; T-cell leukemia and lymphoma

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21
Q

Oncogenic DNA viruses

A

EBV, HBV, HHV-8, HPV 16 and 18

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22
Q

EBV

A

Promotes polyclonal B cell proliferation, which ↑ risk for t(8;14); Burkitts lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS, mixed cellularity Hodgkins lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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23
Q

HBV

A

activates proto-oncogenes, inactivates p53; HCC

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24
Q

HHV-8

A

acts via cytokine released from HIV and HSV; Kaposis sarcoma in AIDS

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25
Q

HPV 16 and 18

A

Type 16: E6 gene product inhibits P53, Type 18: E7 inhibits RB; squamous cell carcinoma of vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, larynx, oropharynx

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26
Q

Pathogens and cancer

A

Viruses 〉 bacteria 〉 parasites

27
Q

MC cancer d/t ionizing radiation

A

AML (acute myeloblastic leukemia) or CML (chronic myeloblastic leukemia)

28
Q

MC cancer d/t excessive UV light exposure

A

Basal cell carcinoma

29
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma in physical injury

A

3rd degree burns; chronically draining sinuses (chronic osteomyelitis)

30
Q

Most effective host defense against cancer

A

Cytotoxic CD8 T cells

31
Q

Most important prognostic factor

A

Staging criteria; TNM system

32
Q

Least to most important prognostic factor

A

T 〈 N 〈 M (most important)

33
Q

Molecule involved in Cachexia

A

TNF-α secreted by macrophages and tumor cells→suppresses appetite in hypothalamus and stimulates apoptosis

34
Q

MC anemia in cancer

A

Anemia of chronic dz; normocytic anemic w/ corrected reticulocyte count 〈 3 %

35
Q

Hemostasis abnormality in malignancy

A

Thrombogenic

36
Q

MCC of death in cancer

A

Gram - sepsis

37
Q

Skin abnormality that may be assoc. w/ stomach cancer

A

Acanthosis nigricans; black, verrucoid-appearing lesion

38
Q

Signs of ectopic hormone production

A

hypercalcemia, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, hypercortisolism, polycythemia

39
Q

Eaton-Lambert syndrome

A

Small cell carcinoma of lung; Myasthenia gravis-like Sxs (muscle weakness); Ab against Ca channel

40
Q

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma; Periosteal rxn of distal phalanx (often assoc. w/ clubbing of nail)

41
Q

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

A

Mucus-secreting pancreatic and colorectal carcinomas; sterile vegetations on mitral valve

42
Q

Seborrheic keratosis

A

Stomach carcinoma; Sudden appearance of numerous pigmented seborrheic keratoses (leser-Trélat sign)

43
Q

Superficial migratory thrombophlebitis

A

Pancreatic carcinoma; Release of procoagulants (Trousseaus sign: hypercoagulability)

44
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

Lung, breast, stomach carcinomas; Diffuse membranous glomerulopathy

45
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

ACTH; small cell carcinoma of lung, medullary carcinoma of thyroid

46
Q

Gynecomastia

A

hCG; Choriocarcinoma (testis)

47
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

PTH-related protein: Renal cell carcinoma, 1° squamous cell carcinoma of lung, breast carcinoma; Calcitriol (VitD): malignant lymphoma (contain α1-hydroxylase)

48
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Calcitonin; Medullary carcinoma of thyroid

49
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Insulin-like facter; HCC

50
Q

Hyponatremia

A

ADH; small cell carcinoma of lung

51
Q

2° Polycythemia

A

EPO; Renal cell and Hepatocellular carcinoma

52
Q

α-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

HCC, yolk sac tumor of ovary or testis

53
Q

Bence Jones Protein

A

Multiple myeloma, Waldenströms macroglobulinemia

54
Q

CA 15-3

A

Breast cancer

55
Q

CA 19-9

A

Pancreatic, colorectal carcinomas

56
Q

CA 125

A

Surface-derived ovarian cancer (eg serous cystadenocarcinoma; helpful in distinguishing malignant from b9

57
Q

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

A

Colorectal and pancreatic carcinomas

58
Q

Lactate dehydrogenase

A

Malignant lymphoma

59
Q

Cytokeratin

A

epithelial origin

60
Q

Vimentin

A

Connective tissue origin

61
Q

Desmin

A

Muscle

62
Q

GFAP

A

Neuroglia

63
Q

Neurofilaments

A

Neurons

64
Q

CD45+

A

Malignant lymphoma

Pathology (10 decks)

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