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General Pathology > Neoplasia Diagnosis and Prognosis > Flashcards

Neoplasia Diagnosis and Prognosis Flashcards

1
Q

Name 4 methods used in cancer diagnosis

A
  1. Grading
  2. Tumour type
  3. Stage
  4. Specialist molecular techniques (clonality assays, cytogenetic analysis, pedigree analysis)
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2
Q

A physical examination of the tumour should include; s___/s___, d______, a____ to tissues, t____, c_____ and t___ of development

A

A physical examination of the tumour should include size/shape, distribution, adherence to tissues, texture, colour and time of development

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3
Q

Name the 6 main gross characteristics you should asses in a physical exam of a tumour.

A
  1. Time of development/duration of lesion
  2. Colour
  3. Distribution
  4. Texture/firmness/consistency
  5. Size/shape
  6. Adherence to tissues
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4
Q

What 3 things should be considered when doing a physical examination of the tumour host animal?

A
  1. Condition
  2. Clinical signs
  3. Metastases location
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5
Q

What are 3 additional tests that can be done to diagnose tumour in an animal?

A
  1. Imaging
  2. CBC and biochemistry
  3. Serology
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6
Q

What is a serology used to test for in a tumour diagnosis?

A

Viral isolation

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7
Q

How can a CBC and biochemistry can be used to aid in cancer diagnosis?

A

Localisation of disease

Organ dysfunction

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8
Q

When doing a cytology to do a microscopic examination of a tumour, what 3 questions should you investigate?

A
  1. Pathological process?
  2. Cell of origin?
  3. Benign or malignant?
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9
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of malignancy are assessed in a biopsy?

A
  1. Invasiveness/metastases
  2. Degree of differentiation
  3. Mitotic number and abnormal forms
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10
Q

What 2 cautions should be assessed when looking at a tumour biopsy?

A
  1. Necrotic centres

2. Surrounding host inflammation or desmoplasia

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11
Q

What is desmoplasia?

A

Growth of fibrous/connective tissue

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12
Q

The cell a______ and a______ must be visualised in a biopsy to assess a tumour

A

The cell architecture and arrangement must be visualised in a biopsy to assess a tumour

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13
Q

Name the 3 main types of tumour cells of origin found in a biopsy

A
  1. Round
  2. Spindle
  3. Epithelial
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14
Q

What 2 stains are commonly used in histochemical staining to examine a tumour?

A
  1. Periodic acid–Schiff

2. Toluidine blue

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15
Q

What is the PAS stain used to highlight?

A

Carbohydrates/glandular secretions

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16
Q

What is the toluidine blue stain used to highlight?

A

Mast cell granules

17
Q

What 3 cell feature are used to predict biological behaviour of tumours?

A
  1. Cell differentiation
  2. Mitotic index
  3. Degree of necrosis
18
Q

What are 2 generalizations made for a low grade tumours?

A
  1. Well differentiated

2. Resemble a normal adult cell

19
Q

What is the main generalisation made for high grade tumours?

A

Poorly differentiated

20
Q

Name 4 features that can be observed in a malignant tumour

A
  1. Pleomorphism
  2. Anaplasia
  3. Bizarre forms of mitosis
  4. Multinucleation
  5. Arrangement
21
Q

Staging of a tumour describes what?

A

Extent of growth and spread of tumour

22
Q

The TNM scoring system is used to stage tumours. What does TNM stand for?

A 
T= tumour size
N= lymph node involvement
M = metastases present
23
Q

Incisional sampling is used for …….

A

diagnosis

24
Q

Excisional sampling is performed with the intent of complete ______ of mass

A

Excisional sampling is performed with the intent of complete removal of the mass

25
Q

A complete histological margin should be > _____

A

A complete histological margin should be >3-5mm

26
Q

What does an incomplete histologica margin indicate?

A

Tumour cells present at margin

27
Q

The immune system has a role in _____ and _______ of cancer

A

The immune system has a role in detection and elimination of cancer

28
Q

What are 3 mechanisms of the immune response to cancer?

A
  1. Cell expression of viral antigens incite cytotoxic T cells
  2. Tumour specific surface antigen expression
  3. Tumour associated antigen
29
Q

Name 3 inflammatory features of a squamous cell carcinoma

A
  1. Neutrophil exudate
  2. Plasma cells making antibodies
  3. Lymphocytes
30
Q

What is the primary mechanism of transmissible tumours?

A

Failure to express MHC surface molecules

General Pathology (4 decks)

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