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General Pathology > Disturbances of Cell Growth & Neoplasia intro > Flashcards

Disturbances of Cell Growth & Neoplasia intro Flashcards

1
Q

What is agenesis?

A

Failure of an organ to develop during embryonic growth

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2
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Defective development or complete absence of an organ/tissue

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3
Q

What is hypoplasia?

A

Underdevelopment or incomplete development of an organ/tissue

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4
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

Abnormal arrangement of well differentiated tissue in a normal location

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5
Q

Hamartomas are difficult to distinguish from a b____, well differentiated n______

A

Hamartomas are difficult to distinguish from a benign, well differentiated neoplasia

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6
Q

What is a choristoma?

A

Mass of normal tissue in an abnormal location

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7
Q

What is an ectopia/ectopic tissue?

A

Tissue located/produced away from its normal position

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8
Q

A controlled disturbance of growth is considered to be non-neoplastic. True/ False?

A

True

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9
Q

An uncontrolled disturbance of growth is considered to be non-neoplastic. True/False?

A

False - neoplastic and irreversible change

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10
Q

Name the 6 disorders that originate in the embryo

A
  1. Agenesis
  2. Aplasia
  3. Hypoplasia
  4. Hamartoma
  5. Choristoma
  6. Ectopia
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11
Q

Hyperplasia results in an increase in cell number. True/False?

A

True

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12
Q

Cells with hyperplasia must be capable of _______ division.

A

Cells with hyperplasia must be capable of mitotic division

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13
Q

Hypertrophy is an increase in……….?

A

Cell size

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14
Q

What type of cells does hypertrophy mostly occur in?

A

Post-mitotic type cells

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15
Q

Atrophy causes a decrease in cell ____ and ______

A

Atrophy causes a decrease in cell size and number

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16
Q

Atrophy is the ______ of cells

A

Atrophy is the wasting of cells

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17
Q

What are 2 causes of atrophy?

A
  1. Loss of muscle innervation

2. Loss of hormonal stimulation

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18
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

Replacement of one mature cell type with another

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19
Q

Metaplasia is irreversible. True/False?

A

False

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20
Q

Metaplasia involves a s______ cell type replaced with a l___ s______ cell type

A

Metaplasia involves a specialised cell type replaced with a less specialized cell type

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21
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Disordered arrangement of cells

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22
Q

In what type of tissue does dysplasia usually occur?

A

Epithelial tissue

23
Q

What type of reversible growth disturbance has an abnormal cell morphology and changes to architecture?

A

Dysplasia

24
Q

Dysplasia is reversible if stimulus is removed. True/False

A

True

25
Q

Dysplasia can progress to an irreversible state. True/False?

A

True

26
Q

Name 5 reversible growth disturbances in cells

A
  1. Hyperplasia
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Atrophy
  4. Metaplasia
  5. Dysplasia
27
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Uncontrolled cell growth

28
Q

Neoplasia is reversible if stimulus is removed. True/False?

A

False - irreversible even if stimulus is removed

29
Q

What is cancer?

A

Malignant neoplasm

30
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of a malignant tumour?

A
  1. Invasive
  2. Infiltrative
  3. Destructive
31
Q

What is anaplasia?

A

Loss of differentiation of adult cells (cells become more primitive)

32
Q

Anaplasia is irreversible. True/False?

A

True

33
Q

What is pleomorphism?

A

Variation in size and shape

34
Q

Cancer is age related. True/False?

A

True

35
Q

Name 3 causative agents of cancer

A
  1. Chemical carcinogens
  2. Biological carcinogens
  3. Physical carcinogens
36
Q

What is an example of a chemical carcinogen?

A

Drugs

Fungal toxins

37
Q

Give an example of a physical carcinogen

A

Radiation

UV light

38
Q

Name an example of a biological carcinogen

A

RNA viruses

Oncogenic DNA viruses

39
Q

What type of tumour commonly occurs in aging grey horses?

A

Melanomas

40
Q

The suffix -carcinoma indicates what origin of a tumor?

A

Epithelial origin

41
Q

Neoplasia with the suffix -sarcoma has what origin?

A

Mesenchymal origin

42
Q

Where is leukaemia present?

A

Blood from bone marrow

43
Q

Is a squamous cell carcinoma benign or malignant?

A

Malignant

44
Q

Is an adenoma benign or malignant?

A

Benign

45
Q

What type/origin is a hepatic carcinoma? And is this malignant or benign?

A

Epithelial

Malignant

46
Q

A fibrosarcoma is malignant. True/False

A

True

47
Q

Name the 5 main routes of metastasis

A
  1. Haematogenous/blood
  2. Lymphatics
  3. Exfoliation and implantation
  4. Bronchial
  5. Billary
48
Q

Haemorrhage and necrosis is a gross feature of what type of neoplasia?

A

Malignant

49
Q

Which type of neoplasia has a limited margin?

A

Benign

50
Q

What type of neoplasm as a slow growth rate?

A

Benign

51
Q

One microscopic feature of neoplasia is the degree of differentiation. Which type of neoplasm has a low degree of differentiation?

A

Malignant

52
Q

Malignant neoplasia often has mild pleomorphism. True/False?

A

False - malignant has marked pleomorphism

53
Q

Multiple nuclei with different sizes is a microscopic feature of what type of neoplasm?

A

Malignant

General Pathology (4 decks)

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