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Neoplasia Clincial Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what are polyps

A

mass growing out of the mucosa of the gut which are benign

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2
Q

how do colorectal carcinomas present

A

rectal bleeding due to ulceration, vomiting, bloating

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3
Q

what is the appearance of a colorectal carcinoma

A

irregular outline, red, flat, ulcerative

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4
Q

what is used to stage colorectal carcinomas

A

Dukes staging - looking at how far through the bowel wall it has spread

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5
Q

what are the tumour markers for colorectal carcinomas

A

CA 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen

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6
Q

what is the screening program for colorectal carcinoma

A

blood testing the stool

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7
Q

which screening programs are available in the UK

A

bowel, breast and cervical

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8
Q

what is the common name of uterine leiomyomatas

A

fibroid tumours

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9
Q

how do fibroid tumours present

A

occluding the uterus is painful, pain also from bladder compression or from necrosis of the tumour if it becomes too big

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10
Q

what is the appearance of fibroid tumours

A

smooth white tumours made of elongated, spindle shaped smooth muscle cells

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11
Q

how does an osteosarcoma present

A

pain on exertion due to increased blood demand as tumour impinges on blood flow

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12
Q

true or false ovarian teratomas are malignant

A

false - they are usually benign

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13
Q

true or false: testicular teratomas are usually malignant

A

true

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14
Q

what is the appearance of a teratoma

A

tumour containing different tissue types e.g. glands, hair, teeth, sebum

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15
Q

what is chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A

malignancy of B cells originating in the bone marrow

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16
Q

what is a lymphoma

A

malignancy of B cells originating in the lymph nodes

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17
Q

how does a patient with leukaemia present

A

tired, breathless, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pale conjunctiva

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18
Q

why do leukaemia patients have pale conjunctiva

A

the bone marrow is producing more WBCs and so less RBCs

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19
Q

why do you get hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in leukaemia

A

due to an increase break down of malignant blood cells and RBCs as well as extra medullary haemopoiesis

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20
Q

what is the predisposing factor to malignant melanoma

A

UV exposure

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21
Q

where may a malignant melanoma spread

A

the brain, lung and liver

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22
Q

where can malignant melanomas also occur

A

retina

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23
Q

what is the appearance of a malignant melanoma

A

melanin in the tumour and lymph nodes

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24
Q

what is the appearance of basal cell carcinomas

A

retraction from the edge of the tissue

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25
true or false BCCs are usually malignant
false
26
what are the complications of pancreatic adenocarcinomas
DVTs as adenocarcinomas produce mucins which are hypercoaguable
27
why do patients get jaundice with pancreatic adenocarcinomas
as the tumour blocks the bile duct
28
what symptoms are seen with a neuroendocrine tumour
abdominal pain, sweating and flushing
29
what is a neuroendocrine tumour commonly called
carcinoid tumour
30
why causes the symptoms seen in a carcinoid tumour
the production of serotonin (5HT)
31
what are the complications of a carcinoid tumour
liver metastases due to first pass metabolism which then spread to stomach - if they are only in the liver you would get no symptoms as the liver will break down the serotonin
32
what causes Burkitt's lymphoma
EBV virus as it prevents B cells undergoing apoptosis so they continue to proliferate and become malignant
33
what is FAP
familial adenomatous polyposis is an inherited condition causing colon cancer in the young
34
what are the genetic changes seen in FAP
there are 3 mutations: 1. APC gene (TSG) 2. K-RAS (oncogene) 3. p53 (TSG)
35
what is the macroscopic appearance seen in FAP
lots of polyps in the bowel - they more you have the more likely they are to become dysplastic
36
what is hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
a hereditary type of colon cancer seen without polyps
37
what is the inheritance pattern of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer
autosomal dominant
38
what is retinoblastoma
cancer of the retina due to a hereditary mutation in pRB
39
how does retinoblastoma present
loss of vision, glaucoma, retina viewed through the pupil
40
what is xeroderma pigmentosum
genetic disorder giving mutations in NER for UV damage making the person more susceptible to UV and skin cancer
41
what is malignant mesothelioma
cancer of the pleural sacs
42
how does malignant mesothelioma appear
thick, white pleural sacs - this prevents the lungs from expanding so makes you feel like your suffocating
43
what is the predisposing factor to malignant mesothelioma
20-40 years of asbestos exposure which causes inflammation
44
what can asbestos cause
pleural plaques (white give shadows on CT), asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma
45
what can cause cervical carcinoma
HPV
46
how does HPV cause cervical carcinoma
it affects proteins E6 and E7 which mutates pRB and p53
47
why is being on tamoxifen a risk for endometrial hyperplasia
tamoxifen has a similar effect to oestrogen in the uterus therefore causing hyperplasia
48
why is obesity a risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia
adipose tissue produces oestrogen stimulating hyperplasia
49
what are predisposing factors to hepatocellular carcinoma
hep B/C, alcoholism, cirrhosis, obesity
50
what is the tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma
alpha feta protein
51
what are the genetic changes in familial breast cancer
mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 - these genes help fix DSBs in DNA so are caretaker genes
52
what are predisposing factors to breast cancer
obesity, age
53
what is used to stage breast cancer
TNM stage
54
what is used to grade breast cancer
Richardson-Bloom grading
55
what drug is used to treat oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer
tamoxifen - blocks the oestrogen receptors so it cant have its growth effect
56
what are the side effects of tamoxifen
nausea, vomiting, endometrial hyperplasia, DVTs
57
what drug is used to treat HER2 positive breast cancer
Herceptin
58
how does Herceptin work
binds to HER2 proteins to prevent signalling as it is an oncogene
59
what cancer is the commonest cause of death in the uk
lung
60
what types of cancer are related to smoking
small cell and squamous cell carcinoma
61
what type of cancer can schistosomiasis cause
bladder cancer
62
what is Kaposi's sarcoma
tumour on the skin which looks like a rash
63
what causes Kaposi's sarcoma
HIV
64
what are the types of testicular cancer
Germ cell - teratoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma | testosterone increasing tumour - Leydig and Sertoli tumours
65
what are the tumour markers for testicular cancers
human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha feta protein, LDH
66
how does Hodgkin's lymphoma present
itching, swelling of lymph nodes, fever
67
what is seen microscopically in Hodgkin's lymphoma
Reed Sternberg cells and lots of eosinophils (which are attracted to the Reed Sternberg cells via chemotaxis)
68
what is used to stage Hodgkin's lymphoma
Ann arbour staging
69
is prostrate cancer osteoblastic or osteoclastic
osteoblastic
70
what is the tumour marker for prostrate cancer
prostrate specific antigen
71
what is the grading system used for prostrate cancer
Gleason's system
72
what cancer produces ATCH and ADH
small cell carcinoma
73
what cancer produces PTH like hormone
squamous cell carcinoma
74
what genes are mutated in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma
mismatch repair genes
75
what cancers are osteoclastic
breast, kidney, thyroid and lung
76
outline the adenoma to carcinoma sequence
as mutation accumulate the tumour progresses from an adenoma to a carcinoma in situ (hasn't digested through the basement membrane) to an invasive carcinoma
77
what is the tumour marker for cervical cancer
mucins, CA-125
78
how do squamous cell carcinomas appear
keratin on the top making them look scaly
79
what do you look at to determine how differeniated a tumour is
pleomorphism, mitotic bodies, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, darker staining
80
what cells are proliferating in a BCC
basal layer of cells

Pathology (13 decks)

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