Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology > Neoplasia Clincial Conditions > Flashcards

Neoplasia Clincial Conditions Flashcards

1
Q

what are polyps

A

mass growing out of the mucosa of the gut which are benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how do colorectal carcinomas present

A

rectal bleeding due to ulceration, vomiting, bloating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the appearance of a colorectal carcinoma

A

irregular outline, red, flat, ulcerative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is used to stage colorectal carcinomas

A

Dukes staging - looking at how far through the bowel wall it has spread

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the tumour markers for colorectal carcinomas

A

CA 19-9, carcinoembryonic antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the screening program for colorectal carcinoma

A

blood testing the stool

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which screening programs are available in the UK

A

bowel, breast and cervical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the common name of uterine leiomyomatas

A

fibroid tumours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how do fibroid tumours present

A

occluding the uterus is painful, pain also from bladder compression or from necrosis of the tumour if it becomes too big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the appearance of fibroid tumours

A

smooth white tumours made of elongated, spindle shaped smooth muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does an osteosarcoma present

A

pain on exertion due to increased blood demand as tumour impinges on blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

true or false ovarian teratomas are malignant

A

false - they are usually benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

true or false: testicular teratomas are usually malignant

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the appearance of a teratoma

A

tumour containing different tissue types e.g. glands, hair, teeth, sebum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

A

malignancy of B cells originating in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a lymphoma

A

malignancy of B cells originating in the lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how does a patient with leukaemia present

A

tired, breathless, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, pale conjunctiva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why do leukaemia patients have pale conjunctiva

A

the bone marrow is producing more WBCs and so less RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

why do you get hepatomegaly and splenomegaly in leukaemia

A

due to an increase break down of malignant blood cells and RBCs as well as extra medullary haemopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the predisposing factor to malignant melanoma

A

UV exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

where may a malignant melanoma spread

A

the brain, lung and liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

where can malignant melanomas also occur

A

retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is the appearance of a malignant melanoma

A

melanin in the tumour and lymph nodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is the appearance of basal cell carcinomas

A

retraction from the edge of the tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

true or false BCCs are usually malignant

A

false

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the complications of pancreatic adenocarcinomas

A

DVTs as adenocarcinomas produce mucins which are hypercoaguable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

why do patients get jaundice with pancreatic adenocarcinomas

A

as the tumour blocks the bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what symptoms are seen with a neuroendocrine tumour

A

abdominal pain, sweating and flushing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is a neuroendocrine tumour commonly called

A

carcinoid tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why causes the symptoms seen in a carcinoid tumour

A

the production of serotonin (5HT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what are the complications of a carcinoid tumour

A

liver metastases due to first pass metabolism which then spread to stomach - if they are only in the liver you would get no symptoms as the liver will break down the serotonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what causes Burkitt’s lymphoma

A

EBV virus as it prevents B cells undergoing apoptosis so they continue to proliferate and become malignant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is FAP

A

familial adenomatous polyposis is an inherited condition causing colon cancer in the young

34
Q

what are the genetic changes seen in FAP

A

there are 3 mutations:

  1. APC gene (TSG)
  2. K-RAS (oncogene)
  3. p53 (TSG)
35
Q

what is the macroscopic appearance seen in FAP

A

lots of polyps in the bowel - they more you have the more likely they are to become dysplastic

36
Q

what is hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

A

a hereditary type of colon cancer seen without polyps

37
Q

what is the inheritance pattern of hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

A

autosomal dominant

38
Q

what is retinoblastoma

A

cancer of the retina due to a hereditary mutation in pRB

39
Q

how does retinoblastoma present

A

loss of vision, glaucoma, retina viewed through the pupil

40
Q

what is xeroderma pigmentosum

A

genetic disorder giving mutations in NER for UV damage making the person more susceptible to UV and skin cancer

41
Q

what is malignant mesothelioma

A

cancer of the pleural sacs

42
Q

how does malignant mesothelioma appear

A

thick, white pleural sacs - this prevents the lungs from expanding so makes you feel like your suffocating

43
Q

what is the predisposing factor to malignant mesothelioma

A

20-40 years of asbestos exposure which causes inflammation

44
Q

what can asbestos cause

A

pleural plaques (white give shadows on CT), asbestosis and malignant mesothelioma

45
Q

what can cause cervical carcinoma

A

HPV

46
Q

how does HPV cause cervical carcinoma

A

it affects proteins E6 and E7 which mutates pRB and p53

47
Q

why is being on tamoxifen a risk for endometrial hyperplasia

A

tamoxifen has a similar effect to oestrogen in the uterus therefore causing hyperplasia

48
Q

why is obesity a risk factor for endometrial hyperplasia

A

adipose tissue produces oestrogen stimulating hyperplasia

49
Q

what are predisposing factors to hepatocellular carcinoma

A

hep B/C, alcoholism, cirrhosis, obesity

50
Q

what is the tumour marker for hepatocellular carcinoma

A

alpha feta protein

51
Q

what are the genetic changes in familial breast cancer

A

mutations in BRCA1 or BRCA2 - these genes help fix DSBs in DNA so are caretaker genes

52
Q

what are predisposing factors to breast cancer

A

obesity, age

53
Q

what is used to stage breast cancer

A

TNM stage

54
Q

what is used to grade breast cancer

A

Richardson-Bloom grading

55
Q

what drug is used to treat oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer

A

tamoxifen - blocks the oestrogen receptors so it cant have its growth effect

56
Q

what are the side effects of tamoxifen

A

nausea, vomiting, endometrial hyperplasia, DVTs

57
Q

what drug is used to treat HER2 positive breast cancer

A

Herceptin

58
Q

how does Herceptin work

A

binds to HER2 proteins to prevent signalling as it is an oncogene

59
Q

what cancer is the commonest cause of death in the uk

A

lung

60
Q

what types of cancer are related to smoking

A

small cell and squamous cell carcinoma

61
Q

what type of cancer can schistosomiasis cause

A

bladder cancer

62
Q

what is Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

tumour on the skin which looks like a rash

63
Q

what causes Kaposi’s sarcoma

A

HIV

64
Q

what are the types of testicular cancer

A

Germ cell - teratoma, choriocarcinoma, seminoma

testosterone increasing tumour - Leydig and Sertoli tumours

65
Q

what are the tumour markers for testicular cancers

A

human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha feta protein, LDH

66
Q

how does Hodgkin’s lymphoma present

A

itching, swelling of lymph nodes, fever

67
Q

what is seen microscopically in Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Reed Sternberg cells and lots of eosinophils (which are attracted to the Reed Sternberg cells via chemotaxis)

68
Q

what is used to stage Hodgkin’s lymphoma

A

Ann arbour staging

69
Q

is prostrate cancer osteoblastic or osteoclastic

A

osteoblastic

70
Q

what is the tumour marker for prostrate cancer

A

prostrate specific antigen

71
Q

what is the grading system used for prostrate cancer

A

Gleason’s system

72
Q

what cancer produces ATCH and ADH

A

small cell carcinoma

73
Q

what cancer produces PTH like hormone

A

squamous cell carcinoma

74
Q

what genes are mutated in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma

A

mismatch repair genes

75
Q

what cancers are osteoclastic

A

breast, kidney, thyroid and lung

76
Q

outline the adenoma to carcinoma sequence

A

as mutation accumulate the tumour progresses from an adenoma to a carcinoma in situ (hasn’t digested through the basement membrane) to an invasive carcinoma

77
Q

what is the tumour marker for cervical cancer

A

mucins, CA-125

78
Q

how do squamous cell carcinomas appear

A

keratin on the top making them look scaly

79
Q

what do you look at to determine how differeniated a tumour is

A

pleomorphism, mitotic bodies, nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, darker staining

80
Q

what cells are proliferating in a BCC

A

basal layer of cells

Pathology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions