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Pathology > Cellular Adaptations > Flashcards

Cellular Adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What genes regulate cell proliferation

A

Proto-oncogenes

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2
Q

What controls cell proliferation

A

Chemical signals

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3
Q

How is the cell cycle changed to increase growth

A
  • shortened cell cycle

- conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells

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4
Q

What prevents damaged cells from replicating

A

Checkpoints which will try to fix mistakes or induce apoptosis

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5
Q

What is the restriction point

A

The most critical checkpoint during G1 where the majority of cells which pass will enter the cell cycle

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6
Q

Which check point is most commonly altered in cancer cells

A

The restriction point

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7
Q

What is p53

A

A protein involved in apoptosis

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8
Q

What enzymes control the cell cycle and how do they do this

A

Cyclin dependant kinases become activated when binding to cyclin allowing them to phosphorylate their target protein to allow for the cell cycle

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9
Q

Give an example of a target protein phosphorylated by CDK

A

Retinoblastoma target protein

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10
Q

What is the hayflick constant

A

The number of time which a cell without telomerase can divide - 61.3

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11
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Cells increase in number above normal

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12
Q

What is hypertrophy

A

Where cells increase in their size

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13
Q

What is atrophy

A

Where cells shrink to a size at which survival is still possible by reducing their cellular components. This may eventually result in cell death

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14
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Where cells are replaced by cells of a different type

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15
Q

Are cellular adaptations reversible

A

Most are except atrophy

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16
Q

In what tissue types does hyperplasia occur

A

Labile or stable tissue

17
Q

What causes hyperplasia

A

Increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation

18
Q

What do repeated cell divisions in hyperplasia put the cells at risk of

A

Mutations and neoplasia

19
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological hyperplasia

A
  • proliferation of endometrium due to oestrogen

- bone marrow production of RBCs in hypoxia

20
Q

Give 2 examples of pathological hyperplasia

A
  • goitre

- eczema

21
Q

What tissue types does hypertrophy occur

A

Lability, stable, permanent

22
Q

Give 2 examples of physiological hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle growth

Uterus in pregnancy

23
Q

Give 3 examples of pathological hypertrophy

A
  • ventricle hypertrophy due to hypertension
  • in the bladder due to an enlarged prostrate
  • in the bowel due to strictures
24
Q

Why does hypertrophy in athletes hearts not become pathological

A

The heart rests afterwards
In pathological hypertrophy the heart doesn’t rest and is constantly growing. This means there will not be enough blood supply to the heart causing hypoxia

25
Q

What is compensatory hypertrophy

A

When part of an organ or 1 of a pair of organs is damaged so the other will enlarge

26
Q

Give a physiological example of atrophy

A

Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal women

Decrease in uterus size art child birth

27
Q

Give some pathological causes of atrophy

A
  • muscle atrophy after disuse
  • loss of innervation
  • inadequate blood supply
  • inadequate nutrition
  • los of hormonal stimuli
  • ageing
  • pressure
28
Q

What is metaplasia

A

Reversible change of one differentiated cell type to another

29
Q

Tru or false: metaplasia can occur across germ layers

A

False

30
Q

What tissue types does metaplasia occur

A

Labile or stabile

31
Q

Give 4 examples of metaplasia

A
  • bronchial pseudostratified ciliated to stratified Squamous epithelia in smokers
  • acid reflux causing stratified Squamous to glandular epithelium
  • Spleen changing to produce RBCs when bone marrow is damaged
  • injury to skeletal muscle
32
Q

How metaplasia occurs when there is injury to skeletal muscle

A

Fibroblasts change to osteoblasts and deposit new bone - this is reversible

33
Q

Does metaplasia predispose to cancer

A

Yes - Barrett’s epithelium can result in oesophageal adenocarcinoma

34
Q

What is aplasia

A

An embryonic development disorder where there is failure to a specific tissue or organ to develop
Or an organ who’s cells have stoped proliferating

35
Q

What is hypoplasia

A

Underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ at embryonic stage

36
Q

What is involuntion

A

Normal programmed shrinkage of an organ e.g. The thymus

37
Q

What is reconstitution

A

Replacement of a lost part of the body

38
Q

What is atresia

A

Where there is no orifice

39
Q

What is dysplasia

A

Abnormal maturation of cells in a tissue

Pathology (13 decks)

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