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Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is chronic inflammation

A

Response to injury with associated fibrosis

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2
Q

True or false: chronic inflammation causes tong term consequences

A

True - resolution is not complete as they are left with scarring

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3
Q

How does chronic inflammation arise?

A
  1. If acute inflammation is too severe to be resolved in a few days
  2. De novo
  3. Repeated attacks of acute inflammation
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4
Q

How may chronic inflammation arise de novo

A
  • autoimmune conditions

- chronic infections

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5
Q

What 6 types of cells can be seen in chronic inflammation

A
  • macrophages
  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • eosinophils
  • fibroblasts
  • giant cells
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6
Q

In which type of inflammation are macrophages seen mostly in

A

Chronic

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7
Q

Why does chronic inflammation look variable

A

Due to the different types of cells present in different scenarios

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8
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages

A
  • phagocytosis
  • Antigen presenting to immune system
  • synthesis or cytokines (TNF and interleukin) which control other cells and also complement components, blood clotting factors and proteases
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9
Q

Which type of pathogen do macrophages usually digest

A

Bacteria

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10
Q

What are macrophages derived from

A

Monocytes

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11
Q

What histological appearance do lymphocytes have

A

Large nucleus with little cytoplasms

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12
Q

What are the functions of lymphocytes

A

Immunological:

  • activate B lymphocytes to differentiate and produce antibodies
  • activate T lymphocytes which are involved in cytotoxic functions
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13
Q

What is the histological appearance of plasma cells

A
  • can see golgi (needed for antibody production)
  • open nucleus with chromatin in the peripheries
  • can see the cytoplasm
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14
Q

What is the histological appearance of eosinophils

A
  • pink vacuoles

- bi-lobed nucleus

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15
Q

What do plasma cells do

A

Differentiated from B lymphocytes into antibody producing cells

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16
Q

What is the function of eosinophils

A

Kill parasites

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17
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts

A

Make collagen

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of giant cells

A
  • langerhans
  • foreign body type
  • touton
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19
Q

What are giant cells

A

Multinucleate cells made by the fusion of macrophages

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20
Q

Why do giant cells form

A

Due to frustrated phagocytosis - where macrophages cant phagocytose particles so fuse together

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21
Q

In which infection are langerhan cells most commonly seen in

A

TB

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22
Q

What type of necrosis is touton cells seen in

A

Fat necrosis

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23
Q

What is the histological appearance of langerhan cells

A
  • horse shoe peripheral nucleus
24
Q

What is the histological appearance of foreign body type cells

A

Multiple aggregates of nuclei and foreign bodies

25
True or false: chronic is specific
False
26
What type of cell is seen in chronic inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis
Plasma cells
27
What type of cells are most commonly seen in chronic inflammation in chronic gastritis
Lymphocytes
28
What are the 4 affects of chronic inflammation
1. Fibrosis 2. Impaired function 3. Atrophy 4. Stimulation of immune response
29
What affect of chronic inflammation is seen in chronic cholecystitis
- Fibrosis causing a yellow fibrotic wall of the gall bladder which is usually translucence - the gall stones produced cause repeated obstruction of the bile duct leading to chronic inflammation which causes fibrosis
30
What is experienced in chronic cholecystitis
Pain
31
What is an idiopathic disease
A disease where the cause is not known
32
What type of inflammation is present in imflammatory bowel disease
Both acute and chronic inflammation
33
What is the cause of inflammatory bowel disease
Not know - it is idiopathic
34
What do patients with inflammatory bowel disease present with
Diarrhoea, rectal bleeding (as inflammation damages mucosa)
35
What are 2 examples of diseases which are inflammatory bowel diseases
- ulcerative colitis | - Crohn's disease
36
What is the difference between ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
- Ulcerative colitis is superficial (the inflammation affects the mucosa only) - Crohns is transmural (affects mucosa and deeper layers of the gut)
37
What is seen in Crohn's disease
- strictures (fibrous borrowing) | - fistulae (abnormal connection between 2 mucosa lined organs)
38
What are common causes of cirrhosis
- alcohol - hepatitis B and C - drugs - fatty liver disease
39
What happens to the liver function in cirrhosis
There is decreased liver function caused by chronic inflammation which is caused by various sources The inflammation causes disorganisation of architecture
40
What is thyrotoxicosis
Hyperthyroidism (too much thyroid hormones produced)
41
What is Graves' Disease
Where chronic inflammation causes hyperthyroidism as the antibodies produced by the immune system cause the production of more hormones
42
What is granulomatous inflammation
Chronic inflammation with granulomas
43
What is a granuloma
Group of macrophages and lymphocytes which stick together
44
When do granulomas arise
- hypersensitivity reactions | - persistent low levels of antigenic stimulation
45
What are the 3 main causes of granulomatous inflammation
- foreign material - infection - unknown causes
46
Give an example of an infection that causes granulomatous inflammation
TB
47
What organism causes TB
Mycobacteria which are difficult and slow to culture
48
What does TB cause
It causes disease by Persistence and induction of cell mediated response. Therefore there is chronic inflammation
49
What is seen in Tuberculous Granuloma
An area of caseous necrosis in the middle of the granuloma with langerhan cells nearby
50
What vaccine protects against TB
BCG
51
What happens during abnormal reactions to the BCG vaccine
BCG granulomas
52
Give 3 examples of granulomatous diseases of unknown cause
- sarcoidosis - Crohn's disease - wegener's granulomatosis
53
What organs does Wegener's granulomatosis affect
Kidneys
54
What are the granulomas like in sarcoidosis
- variable - non-caseating granulomas with giant cells - involved in lymph nodes and lungs
55
What are the consequences of chronic inflammation
- fibrosis - impaired function and atrophy - stimulation of immune response
56
True or false: chronic inflammation is very heterogeneous
True - it is always variable

Pathology (13 decks)

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