Neoplasia (CHP 6) Flashcards
Define cancer and its characteristics. Summarize the role of genetics in the proliferation and inhibition of cancer. Classify differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. Associate risk factors that contribute to the development of cancer. Summarize the general effects of cancer on the body and the way in which they are manifested. Categorize growth, progression, and staging of cancer(ous) tumors
1
Q
________: swelling that can be caused by a number of conditions (inflammation and trauma)
A
tumor
2
Q
__________an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues
A
neoplasm
3
Q
mass of cells that serve no purpose, don’t occur in response to appropriate stimuus and grow at the expense of the host
A
neoplasm
4
Q
_________ neoplasms that contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single
mass;
A
benign
5
Q
________: do not cause death unless their location/size interferes with vital functions
A
benign
6
Q
more like the OG cells
A
well-differntiated
7
Q
__________: neoplasms that are less well-differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory system or lymphatic system, and form secondary malignant tumors at other sites
A
malignant
8
Q
completely different from OG cells
A
less well-differentiated
9
Q
-oma
A
benign tumor
10
Q
-carcinoma or -sarcoma
A
malignant tumor
11
Q
basal skin tissue benign tumor (ex: vocal cord)
A
papilloma
12
Q
benign tumor of GLANDULAR tissue (thyroid, prostate, etc)
A
adenoma
13
Q
growth stems of epithelial tissue (nare, or colon cancer)
A
polyp
14
Q
malignant and invasive cancer of the skin
A
basal cell carcinoma
15
Q
adenocarcinoma of the kidney
A
malignant
16
Q
malignant mass of muscles
A
sarcoma
17
Q
bone tumor
A
osteoma
18
Q
cell characteristics of benign
A
well-differentiated (more like OG)
19
Q
cell characteristics of malignant
A
undifferentiated (less like OG)
20
Q
rate of growth: beningn
A
progressive and slow
21
Q
rate of growth: malignant
A
variable
the more differentiated = more rapid
22
Q
mode of growth: benign
A
expansion WITHOUT invading surrounding tissues
23
Q
mode of growth: malignant
A
invasion and infiltration of surrounding tissues
24
Q
metastasis: benign
A
none
25
metastasis: malignant
access via the bloodstream or lymph channels to travel
26
_________ neoplasms: growth tends to be uncontrolled and autonomous
malignant
27
how do malignant neoplasms cause ischemia?
they steal BV's from surrounding tissue so they aren't getting nutrients and die
28
cancer is a disorder of _________ cell differentiation and ______
altered
growth
29
most cancer starts as a _______ tumor
solid
30
______ tumors are usually confined to specific tissue and organ
solid
31
_____________ cancers: Involve cells normally found in the blood and lymph = disseminated diseases from the _________
hematologic
beginning
32
carcinoma in situ: localized ____________ lesion, may be removed if accessible before it can become harmful
preinvasive
33
common examples of carcinoma in situ
cervical and breast
34
cancer cell characteristics (3)
1. abnormal and rapid proliferation (greater number of cells in mitosis)
2. anaplasia = (loss of differentiation)
3. unlimited lifespan (apoptosis is inhibited)
35
cancer spreads by _______ invasion and _______.
2 ways:
direct, extension
1. seeding of cancer cells
2. metastatic spread via blood/lymph
36
seeding of cancer cells in body cavities may lead to ... (2)
ascites (fluid in abdomen) and pleural effusion
37
cancer may ________ and secrete _______ that break down proteins and they contribute to the infiltration, ________, and penetration of the tissue
synthesize
enzymes
invasion
38
sentinal node
inital lymph node that primary tumor drains into
leads Drs to OG growth
treatment and prognosis
39
1. cell breaks loose from ______ tumor
primary
40
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding _________
ECM (extracellular matrix)
41
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding ECM
3. gains access to a ___
BV
42
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding ECM
3. gains access to a BV
4. _________ passage into bloodstream
survives
43
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding ECM
3. gains access to a BV
4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable _________
location
44
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding ECM
3. gains access to a BV
4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable LOCATION
6. invades surrounding ______
tissue
45
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding ECM
3. gains access to a BV
4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable LOCATION
6. invades surrounding TISSUE
7. begins to ______
grow
46
1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
2. invades surrounding ECM
3. gains access to a BV
4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable LOCATION
6. invades surrounding TISSUE
7. begins to GROW
8. establishes _______ __________
blood supply
47
After adequate blood supply is
secured, tumor growth depends on: (3)
1. number of cells that are ACTIVELY dividing or in cell cycle
2. DURATION of the cell cycle
3. number of cells that are being LOST relative to the new ones being produced
48
ALL cancers start because of some level of ______ ________
gene instability
49
what is the hallmark of cancer?
genetic instability
50
It is thought that cancer cells have a “________ _______” with genetic instability that contributes to the development and progression of cancer
mutation phenotype
51
what is an example of a non-modifiable factor of cancer?
gene instability
52
heredity factors of cancer:
genes you get from your parents
ex: breast cancer (BRACA 1 and 2)
53
hormone factor of cancer:
reproductive cancers
(ard pre/post menopause = hormone shifts)
54
host and environmental factors (6)
heredity
hormones
immunologic mechanisms
chemical carcinogens
radiation
oncogenic viruses
55
immunologic factor of cancer:
affect mast cells/WBCs, etc = tailored treatment = robust effect
56
chemical carcinogen examples:
smoked foods (char), smoking, soot
57
radiation cancer causes examples
sun exposure and tanning beds
occupational (Drs, scientists)
war (atomic bombs)
58
oncogenic viruses examples
leukemia and lymphoma
HPV
59
_______ of BVs --> leaks --> petechiae and hemorrhage affects tissue _______
erosion
integrity
60
systemic manifestations of cancer (3)
anorexia and cachexia
fatigue and sleep disorders
anemia
61
anorexia
loss of appetite
62
cachexia
general ill health with WEAKNESS
63
treatment of cancer can cause:
anorexia and cachexia
fatigue and sleep disorders
anemia
64
possible physiological causes of anemia
hemorrhage and BV erosion
hemolysis (breakdown of RBCs)
no production of RBC (liver and BM)
treatment
PALE
65
degree of differentiation
grading
66
number of proliferating cells
staging
67
the closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal tissue = ______ the grade
lower
68
grade I-IV (_______ to most severe)
least
69
TNM
tumor
nodes
metastasis
70
Tx
tumor cannot be adequately assessed
71
T0
no evidence of primary tumor
72
Tis
carcinoma in situ
73
T1-4
progressive increase in tumor size or involvement
74
Nx
regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed
75
N0
no evidence of regional node metastasis
76
N1-3
increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes
77
Mx
no assessed metastasis
78
M0
no distant metastasis
79
M1
distant metastasis present, specify sites
80
a carcinogenic agent impacts a normal cell --> _____ damage if there is failure of DNA _______ ---> activation of growth-promoting ____________ + inactivation of tumor ___________ genes + alterations in genes that control __________ --> unregulated cell _______________ and growth ------> ____________ neoplasm
DNA
repair
oncogenes
suppressor
apoptosis
differentiation
malignant
81
Why is progression considered a critical phase in cancer development?
It marks the transition from benign cellular changes to the formation of malignant tumors with the potential to invade and metastasize.
82
What occurs during the initiation phase of cancer?
The initiation phase involves DNA damage and mutations caused by carcinogenic agents
83
What happens during the promotion phase of cancer?
the activation of oncogenes by promoter agents, leading to the clonal expansion of mutated cells
84
What characterizes the progression phase of cancer?
mutated cells further proliferate, become more genetically unstable, and form malignant tumors
