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EXAM 1: Pathophysiology > Neoplasia (CHP 6) > Flashcards

Neoplasia (CHP 6) Flashcards

Define cancer and its characteristics. Summarize the role of genetics in the proliferation and inhibition of cancer. Classify differences between benign and malignant neoplasms. Associate risk factors that contribute to the development of cancer. Summarize the general effects of cancer on the body and the way in which they are manifested. Categorize growth, progression, and staging of cancer(ous) tumors

1
Q

________: swelling that can be caused by a number of conditions (inflammation and trauma)

A

tumor

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2
Q

__________an abnormal mass of tissue in which the growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues

A

neoplasm

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3
Q

mass of cells that serve no purpose, don’t occur in response to appropriate stimuus and grow at the expense of the host

A

neoplasm

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4
Q

_________ neoplasms that contain well-differentiated cells that are clustered together in a single
mass;

A

benign

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5
Q

________: do not cause death unless their location/size interferes with vital functions

A

benign

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6
Q

more like the OG cells

A

well-differntiated

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7
Q

__________: neoplasms that are less well-differentiated and have the ability to break loose, enter the circulatory system or lymphatic system, and form secondary malignant tumors at other sites

A

malignant

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8
Q

completely different from OG cells

A

less well-differentiated

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9
Q

-oma

A

benign tumor

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10
Q

-carcinoma or -sarcoma

A

malignant tumor

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11
Q

basal skin tissue benign tumor (ex: vocal cord)

A

papilloma

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12
Q

benign tumor of GLANDULAR tissue (thyroid, prostate, etc)

A

adenoma

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13
Q

growth stems of epithelial tissue (nare, or colon cancer)

A

polyp

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14
Q

malignant and invasive cancer of the skin

A

basal cell carcinoma

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15
Q

adenocarcinoma of the kidney

A

malignant

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16
Q

malignant mass of muscles

A

sarcoma

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17
Q

bone tumor

A

osteoma

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18
Q

cell characteristics of benign

A

well-differentiated (more like OG)

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19
Q

cell characteristics of malignant

A

undifferentiated (less like OG)

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20
Q

rate of growth: beningn

A

progressive and slow

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21
Q

rate of growth: malignant

A

variable
the more differentiated = more rapid

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22
Q

mode of growth: benign

A

expansion WITHOUT invading surrounding tissues

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23
Q

mode of growth: malignant

A

invasion and infiltration of surrounding tissues

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24
Q

metastasis: benign

A

none

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25
Q

metastasis: malignant

A

access via the bloodstream or lymph channels to travel

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26
Q

_________ neoplasms: growth tends to be uncontrolled and autonomous

A

malignant

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27
Q

how do malignant neoplasms cause ischemia?

A

they steal BV’s from surrounding tissue so they aren’t getting nutrients and die

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28
Q

cancer is a disorder of _________ cell differentiation and ______

A

altered
growth

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29
Q

most cancer starts as a _______ tumor

A

solid

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30
Q

______ tumors are usually confined to specific tissue and organ

A

solid

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31
Q

_____________ cancers: Involve cells normally found in the blood and lymph = disseminated diseases from the _________

A

hematologic
beginning

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32
Q

carcinoma in situ: localized ____________ lesion, may be removed if accessible before it can become harmful

A

preinvasive

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33
Q

common examples of carcinoma in situ

A

cervical and breast

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34
Q

cancer cell characteristics (3)

A
  1. abnormal and rapid proliferation (greater number of cells in mitosis)
  2. anaplasia = (loss of differentiation)
  3. unlimited lifespan (apoptosis is inhibited)
35
Q

cancer spreads by _______ invasion and _______.
2 ways:

A

direct, extension
1. seeding of cancer cells
2. metastatic spread via blood/lymph

36
Q

seeding of cancer cells in body cavities may lead to … (2)

A

ascites (fluid in abdomen) and pleural effusion

37
Q

cancer may ________ and secrete _______ that break down proteins and they contribute to the infiltration, ________, and penetration of the tissue

A

synthesize
enzymes
invasion

38
Q

sentinal node

A

inital lymph node that primary tumor drains into

leads Drs to OG growth

treatment and prognosis

39
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from ______ tumor
40
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding _________
A

ECM (extracellular matrix)

41
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding ECM
  3. gains access to a ___
42
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding ECM
  3. gains access to a BV
  4. _________ passage into bloodstream
43
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding ECM
  3. gains access to a BV
  4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
  5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable _________
44
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding ECM
  3. gains access to a BV
  4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
  5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable LOCATION
  6. invades surrounding ______
45
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding ECM
  3. gains access to a BV
  4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
  5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable LOCATION
  6. invades surrounding TISSUE
  7. begins to ______
46
Q
  1. cell breaks loose from PRIMARY tumor
  2. invades surrounding ECM
  3. gains access to a BV
  4. SURVIVES passage into bloodstream
  5. emerges from the bloodstream into favorable LOCATION
  6. invades surrounding TISSUE
  7. begins to GROW
  8. establishes _______ __________
A

blood supply

47
Q

After adequate blood supply is
secured, tumor growth depends on: (3)

A
  1. number of cells that are ACTIVELY dividing or in cell cycle
  2. DURATION of the cell cycle
  3. number of cells that are being LOST relative to the new ones being produced
48
Q

ALL cancers start because of some level of ______ ________

A

gene instability

49
Q

what is the hallmark of cancer?

A

genetic instability

50
Q

It is thought that cancer cells have a “________ _______” with genetic instability that contributes to the development and progression of cancer

A

mutation phenotype

51
Q

what is an example of a non-modifiable factor of cancer?

A

gene instability

52
Q

heredity factors of cancer:

A

genes you get from your parents

ex: breast cancer (BRACA 1 and 2)

53
Q

hormone factor of cancer:

A

reproductive cancers
(ard pre/post menopause = hormone shifts)

54
Q

host and environmental factors (6)

A

heredity
hormones
immunologic mechanisms
chemical carcinogens
radiation
oncogenic viruses

55
Q

immunologic factor of cancer:

A

affect mast cells/WBCs, etc = tailored treatment = robust effect

56
Q

chemical carcinogen examples:

A

smoked foods (char), smoking, soot

57
Q

radiation cancer causes examples

A

sun exposure and tanning beds
occupational (Drs, scientists)
war (atomic bombs)

58
Q

oncogenic viruses examples

A

leukemia and lymphoma
HPV

59
Q

_______ of BVs –> leaks –> petechiae and hemorrhage affects tissue _______

A

erosion
integrity

60
Q

systemic manifestations of cancer (3)

A

anorexia and cachexia
fatigue and sleep disorders
anemia

61
Q

anorexia

A

loss of appetite

62
Q

cachexia

A

general ill health with WEAKNESS

63
Q

treatment of cancer can cause:

A

anorexia and cachexia
fatigue and sleep disorders
anemia

64
Q

possible physiological causes of anemia

A

hemorrhage and BV erosion
hemolysis (breakdown of RBCs)
no production of RBC (liver and BM)
treatment

PALE

65
Q

degree of differentiation

66
Q

number of proliferating cells

67
Q

the closer the tumor cells resemble comparable normal tissue = ______ the grade

68
Q

grade I-IV (_______ to most severe)

69
Q

TNM

A

tumor
nodes
metastasis

70
Q

Tx

A

tumor cannot be adequately assessed

71
Q

T0

A

no evidence of primary tumor

72
Q

Tis

A

carcinoma in situ

73
Q

T1-4

A

progressive increase in tumor size or involvement

74
Q

Nx

A

regional lymph nodes cannot be assessed

75
Q

N0

A

no evidence of regional node metastasis

76
Q

N1-3

A

increasing involvement of regional lymph nodes

77
Q

Mx

A

no assessed metastasis

78
Q

M0

A

no distant metastasis

79
Q

M1

A

distant metastasis present, specify sites

80
Q

a carcinogenic agent impacts a normal cell –> _____ damage if there is failure of DNA _______ —> activation of growth-promoting ____________ + inactivation of tumor ___________ genes + alterations in genes that control __________ –> unregulated cell _______________ and growth ——> ____________ neoplasm

A

DNA
repair
oncogenes
suppressor
apoptosis
differentiation
malignant

81
Q

Why is progression considered a critical phase in cancer development?

A

It marks the transition from benign cellular changes to the formation of malignant tumors with the potential to invade and metastasize.

82
Q

What occurs during the initiation phase of cancer?

A

The initiation phase involves DNA damage and mutations caused by carcinogenic agents

83
Q

What happens during the promotion phase of cancer?

A

the activation of oncogenes by promoter agents, leading to the clonal expansion of mutated cells

84
Q

What characterizes the progression phase of cancer?

A

mutated cells further proliferate, become more genetically unstable, and form malignant tumors

EXAM 1: Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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