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Pathology > Neoplasia and carcinogenesis > Flashcards

Neoplasia and carcinogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm

Cause of neoplasm and its properties

A

-formation of new abnormal mass of tissue whose growth and exceeds and is unco-ordinated with that of normal tissue

/genetic alternations ( autonomous, clonal -originates from single cell which proliferates )

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2
Q

Benign mesenchymal nomenclature and exceptions

A
  • add oma to tissue and

sarc , lymph , melan , carci / if -oma present in these names then malignant

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3
Q

Mesenchymal malignant name

Epithelium benign and malignant names

A

-sarcoma

  • adenoma ( tumor forming glands )
  • papilloma ( tumor with finger like projections )

-carcinoma

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4
Q

What does a proto-oncogene do

A

-is a gene sequence which codes for proteins that regulate how often a cell divides and degree of specialization ( controls cells growth and differentiation)

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5
Q

4 classes of regulatory genes

A

1 tumor suppressor genes
2 Proto-oncogenes
3 apoptosis genes
4 DNA repair genes

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6
Q

Describe how a normal cell can become a mestatic tumor

A
  • normal cell damaged DNA by environmental insults or mutation in DNA repair genes or genes affecting growth and apoptosis
  • genome mutates in cells
  • activation of proto-oncogenes and abnormal of tumor suppressor genes, apoptosis genes and DNA gene
  • uncontrolled cell growth ( angiogenesis)and proliferation ( clonal expansion )
  • tumor evades immunity and apoptosis and now malignant
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7
Q

What is carcinogenesis

What is a carcinogen

A

-process by which normal cells are transformed into neoplastic cells through DNA damage

/agent which causes alterations in DNA leading to tumor formation

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8
Q

Can one oncogene and tumor suppressor gene mutation cause cancer

What is gatekeeper and caretaker

What is heterogeneity

A

-No

  • Proto-oncogene and tumor suppressor genes
  • DNA repair gene

-originating form a single cell

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9
Q

What are promoters and initiators

Can either one on its own cause cancer

A
  • promoters cause proliferation ( are hyperplasia inducing agents )
  • initiators are carcinogens ( cause mutations )
  • needed together to cause neoplasm formation
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10
Q

Why are carcinogens do elusive

A

/they cause mutations in a hit and run fashion

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11
Q

Ways to identify carcinogens

A

1 epidemiology Study
2 occupational risk factors
3 testing mutagenicity laboratory animals
4 testing mutagenicity in bacteria

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12
Q

What are oncogenes and their effects

What is gene mutation

A

/these are mutated Proto-oncogene which are mutated thus permanently turned on and cause uncontrollable proliferation of cells

-alteration of base pairs making a diff gene sequence and thus diff protein made

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13
Q

2 types of gene mutation

A

1 germ line - hereditary

2 aquired - spontaneous

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14
Q

List the 5 classes of oncogene proteins and describe

A

1 growth factors - cause uncontrollable cell growth by overproduction of PDGF

2 growth factor receptors - mutations can make receptor permanently on stimulating growth

3 transcription factors - excess can make proteins which stimulate growth

4 signal transducers - intermediate between receptor and nucleus

5 programmed cell death receptors - when in excess prevent apoptosis

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15
Q

Function of tumor suppressor genes

A

1 normal genes that slow down division
2 repair DNA
3 initiate apoptosis

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16
Q

Diff between oncogene and TSG in causing neoplasm formation

A
  • oncogene is turned on and TSG deactivated

- oncogene mostly through spontaneous and TSM acquired and spontaneous

17
Q

What happens if DNA repair gene mutated

A

-no protein to repair errors or breaks and this leads to any damage left unrectified and causes neoplasm formation ( activate oncogene or deactivate TSM )

18
Q

What happens if apoptosis genes in excess and if abnormal

A

-cell cannot undergo suicide / programmed cell death

/no signal to stimulate cell death

19
Q

Describe the diff in

  • rate of growth
  • differentiation
  • local invasion
  • metastasis

Of benign and malignant tumors

A
  • slow but progressive , mitosis normal
  • frequent and mitosis abnormal
  • well differentiated
  • anaplasia
  • cohesive growth, capsule not breached
  • no cohesive , infiltrative
  • absent
  • present
20
Q

What is dysplasia

A
  • abnormal growth with some ( but not all ) features of malignant tumors
  • may or may not become malignant
21
Q

List stages of malignant neoplasm based on staged

A

1 in-situ carcinoma - in epi without going through basement membrane

2 micro invasion - beyond point of origin and past basement membrane

3 local invasion - within organ of origin

4 local mestases - at nearest lymph nodes of organ

22
Q

2 indicators of malignant neoplasm

A

1 metastasis - best

2 invasion - next best

23
Q

List gradings of malignant neoplasm based on differentiation

A

1 well differentiated
2 moderately
3 poorly
4 anaplasia

( higher grade ie the more the anaplasia , worse prognosis )

24
Q

Cystolic features of malignant neoplasm

A

1 increased cellular size
2 lack of differentiation
3 increased nuclear content ( hyperchromatism )
4 prominent nuclei

25
Q

Describe spread of neoplasm from normal cell

A
  • normal cells becomes cancerous
  • undergoes clonal expansion
  • sub clonal detaches and invades membrane
  • passes through ecm towards vessels
  • intravasation
  • interact with lymphoid cells
  • covered in platelets and forms tumor cell embolus
  • adhesion to vessel membrane and extravasation
  • deposit in CT by mestatic tissue
  • growth of deposit
26
Q

4 steps of invasion

A
  • detachment : tumor cells loosen
  • attachment of sub clonal to ecm
  • degradation of ecm by collagenases
  • migration of sub clonal
27
Q

Modes of spread of malignant neoplasms

A
  • direct extension: through CT
  • through lymph nodes ( lymphatic spread )
  • via blood steam ( hematogenous spread )
  • seeding ( within body cavities)
28
Q

What does tumor growth depend on

A

1 blood supply
2 the more the anaplasia the faster the growth
3 host factors

29
Q

Effects of neoplasms in body

A

1 mass effect : impinging vital organs ( blood , nerve , airway )
2 local destruction : of tissue either blood vessels or epithelium or CT during invasion ( ulcers , hemorrhage, infection )
3 cachexia : loss of appetite or abnormal metabolism
4 functional activity: production of hormone with untoward effects

30
Q

Diagnosis of tumors

A

1 cytology
2 biopsy
3 autopsy

31
Q

Treatment of tumors and what their success rates depend on

A

1 surgery- only 100% specific , if tumor spread then less effective

2,chemotherapy - success depends on selectivity of drug to attack tumor and not normal tissue

3 immunotherapy - enhancing immune system or directing to tumors

4 radiation - Depends on radio sensitivity of tumor

5 inhibit angiogenesis ie blood supply

32
Q

What is paraneoplastic syndrome

A

-occurs when tumor elaborates substance that results in effect not directly related to growth , invasion or metastatic of tumor itself

Pathology (13 decks)

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