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Pathological Processes > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is a neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed

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2
Q

Malignant neoplasm

A

An abnormal growth of cells that persists after the initial stimulus is removed and invades surrounding tissue with potential to spread to distant sites

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3
Q

What is a tumour

A

Any clinically detectable lump or swelling

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4
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant neoplasm

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5
Q

Metastasis

A

Malignant neoplasm that has spread from its original site to a new non-contigious site

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6
Q

Dysplasia

A

A pre-neoplastic alteration in which cells show disordered tissue organisation

Not neoplasticism as it is reversible

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7
Q

Why are benign tumours rarely dangerous

A

Grow in a confined local area and so have a pushing outer margin

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8
Q

Why are malignant tumours dangerous

A

They have a irregular outer margin and shape and may show areas of necrosis and ulceration

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9
Q

What are anaplastic cells

A

Cells with no resemblance to any tissue

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10
Q

How do benign tumour look microscopically

A

Closely resembles the parent tissue- well differentiated

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11
Q

Pleomorphism

A

With worsening differentiation individual cells have increasing
nuclear size and nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, increased nuclear
staining (hyperchromasia), more mitotic figures and increasing
variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

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12
Q

High grade

A

Poorly differentiated

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13
Q

What causes neoplasia

A

Accumulated mutations in somatic cells which are caused by initiators

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14
Q

Monoclonal

A

All the cells of the neoplasm came from the same cell

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15
Q

How to name benign neoplasms

A

End in -oma

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16
Q

Malignant neoplasms end in

A

-carcinoma

17
Q

Epithelial malignant neoplasms end in

A

-carcinoma

18
Q

In situ

A

No invasion through epithelial basement membrane

19
Q

Invasive

A

Penetrated through basement membrane

20
Q

What is leukaemia

A

Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming cells arising in the bone marrow

21
Q

Myeloma

A

Malignant neoplasm of plasma cells

22
Q

How does metastasis occur

A
  1. Grow and invade at primary site
  2. Enter a transport system and lodge at secondary site
  3. Grow at the secondary site to form a new tumour- colonisation
23
Q

What does invasion into surrounding tissue require

A

Altered adhesion

Stroma proteolysis

Motility

All these things create a carcinoma cell phenotype that appears like a mesenchymal cell so is called a epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

24
Q

What does altered adhesion require

A

Reduction in E-Cadherin expression

Changes in tntegrin expression

Changes in actin cytoskeleton

25
Q

How can malignant cells transport to distant sites

A
  1. Blood vessels via capillaries and ventless
  2. Lymphatic vessels
  3. Fluid in body cavities - transcoelomic spread
26
Q

Colonisation

A

MALIGNANT CELLS MUST GROW AT A SECONDARY SITE TO FORM A CLINICAL
METASTASIS: AT A SECONDARY SITE MALIGNANT CELLS MUST GROW

27
Q

Micrometases

A

Surviving microscopic deposits that fail to grow

28
Q

What determines the site of secondary neoplasm

A
  • regional draining of blood, lymph or coelom in fluid

- the seed and soil phenomenon

29
Q

How do carcinoma typically spread

A

lymphatics

30
Q

How do sarcomas usually spread

A

Blood stream

31
Q

Common sites of blood borne metastasis

A

Lung
Bone
Liver
Brain

32
Q

Which neoplasms frequently spread to bone

A 
Breast
Bronchus 
Kidney 
Thyroid 
Prostate
33
Q

Local effects of neoplasm are due to..

A

Direct invasion and destruction of normal tissue

Ulceration at a surface leading to bleeding

Compression of adjacent structures and blocking tubes and orifices

34
Q

Systemic effects of neoplasm

A

Increasing tumour burden- parasitic effecr on host

Secreted cytokines cause reduced appetite and weight loss, malaise, immunosuppresion, thrombosis

35
Q

micro-metastises

A

clinically undetectable groups of malignant cells. These micro-metastases can start to regrow after a period of time, which is what causes an apparently cured patient to relapse. This is also the reason why patients with cancer cannot donate their organs

36
Q

lymphomas

A

malignant neoplasms of lymphocytes mainly affecting Lymph nodes

37
Q

stromal malignant neoplasm

A

-sarcoma

Pathological Processes (10 decks)

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