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Pathological Processes > Cellular adaptations > Flashcards

Cellular adaptations Flashcards

1
Q

What controls cell proliferation

A

Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes

Chemical mediators/ signals from the micro environment

Signalling molecules

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2
Q

Restriction point checpoint

A

Most critical

Majority of cels that will pas this pint will complete the cell cycle

Also known as p53

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3
Q

How does p53 work

A

DNA Damage

Increase in activated p53 leads to induction of apoptosis an increase in p21

Increase in p21 leads to the prevention of phosphorylation of cyclin

This causes cell cycle arrest as CDK inhibitors are activated

DNA repair is allowed then

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4
Q

How do growth factors work

A

Stimulating the producition of cyclins and shutting off the production of cycling dependent kinase inhibitors

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5
Q

How does increased growth of a tissue occur

A

Shortening the cell cycle

Conversion of quiescent cells to proliferating cells by making them enter the cell cycle

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6
Q

G1/S checkpoint

A

is the cell big enough
is environment favorable
is DNA damaged

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7
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

Checks for DNA damage after DNA replication

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8
Q

What are cyclin and CDKs

A

Proteins that tightly regulate progression through the cell cycle

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9
Q

How do CDKs get activated

A

By binding to cyclins

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10
Q

How do CDKs drive the cell cycle

A

Phosphorylation of proteins

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11
Q

What is hyperplasia

A

Increase in tissue or organ size due to increased cell numbers

Reversible

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12
Q

Why does hyperplasia occur

A

A response to increased functional demand and/or external stimulation

Can only occur in labels and stable cell populations

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13
Q

Examples of physiological hyperplasia

A

Increased bone marrow production of erythrocytes in response to hypoxia

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14
Q

Pathological hyperplasia examples

A

Epidermal thickening of chronic eczema or psoriasis

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15
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increase in tissue or organ size without an increase in cell numbers

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16
Q

When does hypertrophy occur

A

In permanent tissues as they have little or replicative potential

In response to increased functional demand

17
Q

Examples of physiological hypertrophy

A

Skeletal muscle hypertrophy

Smooth muscle hypertrophy of uterus in pregnancy

18
Q

Examples of pathological hypertrophy

A

Ventricular cardiac muscle in response to hypertension or valvular disease

19
Q

What is atrophy

A

Shrinkage of a issue or organ due to an acquired decrease in size or number of cells

20
Q

What can cause atrophy

A

A decrease in supply of growth factors and or nutrients

Reversible

21
Q

Examples of physiological atrophy

A

Ovarian atrophy in post menopausal; women

22
Q

Pathological atrophy examples

A

Reduced functional demand- muscle atrophy after disease due to immobilisation

Loss of innervation- wasted striated muscle within the hand after nerve damage

Inadequate blood supply- thinning of skin on legs with peripheral vascular disease

23
Q

Metaplasia

A

Reversible replacement of one adult differentiated cel type by another of a different type in the same germ layer

24
Q

Aplasia

A

Complete failure of a specific tissue or organ to develop

Embryonic developmental disorder

25
Q

Examples of aplasia

A

Bone marrow in aplastic anaemia

Thymic aplasia which results in infections and auto-immune disorders

26
Q

Hypoplasia

A

The congenital underdevelopment or incomplete development of a tissue or organ. There are an inadequate number of cells within the tissue. Embryonic developmental disorder

27
Q

Examples of hypoplasia

A

Renal hypoplasia

Breast hypoplasia

Testicular hypoplasia

28
Q

Atresia

A

The congenial imperforation of an opening

29
Q

Reconstitution

A

This is different to regeneration

Replacement of a lost part of the body rather than a small group of cells

30
Q

Involution

A

Normal programmed shrinkage of an organ

  • uterus after childbirth
  • thymus in early life
  • temporary foetal organs
31
Q

Dysplasia

A

The abnormal maturation of cells within a tissue

Potential reversible but is often pre-cancerous

Pathological Processes (10 decks)

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