Neoplasia Flashcards
What is neoplasia?
What is a neoplasm?
It can have which two classifications?
the process of new growth
tumor
can be benign or malignant
general differences between benign vs malignant tumore?
- benign
- stay localized
- finate size
- not destructuve
- will not invate or metastacize
- malignant
- can get very large
- ability to invade into adjacent structures
- ability to metastiacize
What are the two general components of a tumor?
- tumor cells themselves (brown cells)
- tumor stroma (tumor microenvironment supportive of tumor growth)
- reactive stroma
- different inflamatory cells (cytokines, antibodies etc..)
- fibroblasts & other stromal cells
- strands collage
- few other
- new blood vessels
What is it called when a tumor has lots of collagen?
What is this in resonse to?
- desmoplasia
- lots of collagen
- fibrous– change in ground substance (biochemical make up)
- in reaction to malignancy
- slightly more blue tint to the stroma
- inflammatory
- more fibroblasts
What are the 5 general criteria to determining if a tumor is benign of malignant?
- How well circumscribed?
- benign
- well circumcribed
- malignant
- infiltrative
- not well defined
- benign
- Destructive & invade adjacent structures?
- benign
- no
- malignant
- yes
- benign
- Size?
- benign
- generall small
- malignant
- generally larger (b/c grow more rapidly)
- benign
- Degree of differentiation?
- benign
- well differentiated (by definition)
- similar to no neoplastic tissue of similar
- well differentiated (by definition)
- Malignant
- poorly differentiated
- look like differnt tissue type
- abnormal mitotic activity
- Well differentiated
- tells us tissue of origin
- moderately differentiated
- irregular tissue, but with properties from tissue of origin
- Poorly differentiated
- aggressive, no identifying features that tells us tissue of origin
- poorly differentiated
- benign
- Growth rate?
- Benign
- slower growth rate
- (lower Ki-67)
- Malignant
- fast growng
- (higher Ki-67)
- Benign
What are the 3 factors determing tumor growth?
- doubling time
- growth fraction
- rate of apoptosis or cell shedding
What is the ability of a tumor to invate surrounding structures and disseminate widely to other distant sites (lymph nodes or through vascular channels)
metastasis
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
you can see the ligher pink tumor cells entering throught eh lympatics and spreading under subcapsular sinus
malignant or benign?
type of tumor
vascular invasion
break through vascular wall & spread through the channels
see them in the lumen
What is the term for disorderd growth?
Does this indicate malignancy?
dysplasia
no, this is a pre-malignant condition
increase in nubmer of immature cells, bigger, larger nuclei, darker, growth more disorder
notice there are more dark blue cells with higher degree of dysplasi
What is the term for lack fo differentiation in malignant tumors?
anaplasia
dont’ look like the cell type of origin
Identify the name of the benign and malignant type tumor from the following linages of differentiation.
- epithelium
- mesenchyme
- lymphocyte
- melanocyte
What are the 2 general categories of tumors?
include subcategories
- Carcinomas: epithelial cell origin
- squamous cell carcinoma
- resemble stratified squamous epithelium
- adenocarcinoma
- glandular growth patterns
- neuroendocrine tumors
- of neuroendocrine origin
- squamous cell carcinoma
- Sarcomas: mesenchymal cell origin
- muscle
- bone
- fibrous tissue
- fat
- blood
- lymph vessel
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
- lighter than surrounding thyroid gland
- hard to tell carcinoma vs adenoma
- b/c cells of follicles look similar
- carcinoma will be penetrating the capsule or invading blood vessels
Benighn or malignant?
Type of tumor?
- at microscopic level can see it invading the capsule
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
has a cystic component – which is why it is called a cystadenoma
Benighn or malignant?
Type of tumor?
growing outward and inward
chaotic glands
Benighn or malignant?
Type of tumor?
can have varying degrees of dysplasia, espeical is patient is a smoker
Benighn or malignant?
Type of tumor?
notice fibrous tissue and scattered lymphocytes
What features would you look for in a neuroendocrine tumor?
- Intermediate grade
- ribbon-like pattern
- larger nuclei
- very dark
- not very pleomorphic
- High grade
- lots of mitotic figure
- lots of necrosis
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
benign, normal adipose tussue
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
very littler fat– less recognizable adipose tissue
lost of lipoblasts
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
tumor has lifted periosetum off of the bone
- What is the name for tumors that are derived form multiple germ cell layers?
- from single germ layer?
- ectopic tissus (normal tissue in an abnormal location)?
- mass or disorganized tissue that belong to that organ
- teratoma
- pleomorphic adenoma
- choristoma (common in lower esophagus, see pancreatic tissue)
- hamartoma (most common is pulmonary)
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
benign
most common to see in the salivary glands– speciically parotid
see cartilage, and glandular areas
neoplastic clone from single germ layer
Benign or malignant?
Type of tumor?
common in the ovaries
What are carcinogens?
This can lead to what condition?
agents that damage DNA
DNA mutatiosn disrupt regulation of cell replication and growth
cancer is initiated by non-lethal damage to stem cell DNA
Examples of carcinogens?
- chemical carcinogens
- ultraviolet radiation- induced carcinogenesis
- ionizing radiation-induced carcinogenesis
- infectious agents
- viral
- bacterial
- smoking & ethanol
- diet & obesity
Describe the process of carcinogensis
stepwise accumulation over yeas/decates of genetic abnormalities
- initiating mutation
- then cell becomes less genetically instable
- variety of mutation that make them more likely to be malignant
What is the fundamental principles of the molecular basis of cancer?
- nonlethal genetic damage is at the heart of carcinogenesis
- point mutation (most common)
- balanced translocations
- insertion of a viral genome
- others
- deletion
- gene overamplification
- gene overexpression
What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are the principal targets of genetic damage?
- growth-promoting proto-oncogenes
- growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
- genes that regulate apoptosis
- genes involved in DNA repair
- What are the names for normal genes in regulationof cell cycle that participate inc ell siganling pathways tha drive proliferation?
- What ist he name for mutated vesrions of the genes indicated above that promote autonomous cell growth
- What is the name for proteins encoded by the above genes that promote autonomous cell growth?
- proto-oncogenes
- oncogenes
- oncoproteins
What are the 9 hallmarks of cancer?
- sustained proliferative signals
- usually consequence of oncogene actiation
- evading growth suppressor
- usually due to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
- altered cellular metabolism
- switch to aerobic glycolysis
- “Warbur effect”
- Evasion of apoptosis
- prototypic anti-apoptotic protein is BCL-2
- enabling replicative immortality
- angiogenesis
- stimulate production of new blood vessels
- ability to invade and metastasize
- evasion of immune responses
- genomic instability
