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S2B1: Pathology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is neoplasia?

What is a neoplasm?

It can have which two classifications?

A

the process of new growth

tumor

can be benign or malignant

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2
Q

general differences between benign vs malignant tumore?

A
  • benign
    • stay localized
    • finate size
    • not destructuve
    • will not invate or metastacize
  • malignant
    • can get very large
    • ability to invade into adjacent structures
    • ability to metastiacize
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3
Q

What are the two general components of a tumor?

A
  1. tumor cells themselves (brown cells)
  2. tumor stroma (tumor microenvironment supportive of tumor growth)
    1. reactive stroma
    2. different inflamatory cells (cytokines, antibodies etc..)
    3. fibroblasts & other stromal cells
    4. strands collage
    5. few other
    6. new blood vessels
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4
Q

What is it called when a tumor has lots of collagen?

What is this in resonse to?

A
  • desmoplasia
    • lots of collagen
    • fibrous– change in ground substance (biochemical make up)
      • in reaction to malignancy
      • slightly more blue tint to the stroma
      • inflammatory
      • more fibroblasts
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5
Q

What are the 5 general criteria to determining if a tumor is benign of malignant?

A
  1. How well circumscribed?
    • benign
      • well circumcribed
    • malignant
      • infiltrative
      • not well defined
  2. Destructive & invade adjacent structures?
    • benign
      • no
    • malignant
      • yes
  3. Size?
    • benign
      • generall small
    • malignant
      • generally larger (b/c grow more rapidly)
  4. Degree of differentiation?
    • benign
      • well differentiated (by definition)
        • similar to no neoplastic tissue of similar
    • Malignant
      • poorly differentiated
        • look like differnt tissue type
        • abnormal mitotic activity
      • Well differentiated
        • tells us tissue of origin
      • moderately differentiated
        • irregular tissue, but with properties from tissue of origin
      • Poorly differentiated
        • aggressive, no identifying features that tells us tissue of origin
  5. Growth rate?
    • Benign
      • slower growth rate
      • (lower Ki-67)
    • Malignant
      • fast growng
      • (higher Ki-67)
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6
Q

What are the 3 factors determing tumor growth?

A
  1. doubling time
  2. growth fraction
  3. rate of apoptosis or cell shedding
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7
Q

What is the ability of a tumor to invate surrounding structures and disseminate widely to other distant sites (lymph nodes or through vascular channels)

A

metastasis

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8
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

you can see the ligher pink tumor cells entering throught eh lympatics and spreading under subcapsular sinus

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9
Q

malignant or benign?

type of tumor

A

vascular invasion

break through vascular wall & spread through the channels

see them in the lumen

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10
Q

What is the term for disorderd growth?

Does this indicate malignancy?

A

dysplasia

no, this is a pre-malignant condition

increase in nubmer of immature cells, bigger, larger nuclei, darker, growth more disorder

notice there are more dark blue cells with higher degree of dysplasi

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11
Q

What is the term for lack fo differentiation in malignant tumors?

A

anaplasia

dont’ look like the cell type of origin

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12
Q

Identify the name of the benign and malignant type tumor from the following linages of differentiation.

  1. epithelium
  2. mesenchyme
  3. lymphocyte
  4. melanocyte
A
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13
Q

What are the 2 general categories of tumors?

include subcategories

A
  • Carcinomas: epithelial cell origin
    • squamous cell carcinoma
      • resemble stratified squamous epithelium
    • adenocarcinoma
      • glandular growth patterns
    • neuroendocrine tumors
      • of neuroendocrine origin
  • Sarcomas: mesenchymal cell origin
    • muscle
    • bone
    • fibrous tissue
    • fat
    • blood
    • lymph vessel
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14
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A
  • lighter than surrounding thyroid gland
  • hard to tell carcinoma vs adenoma
    • b/c cells of follicles look similar
    • carcinoma will be penetrating the capsule or invading blood vessels
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15
Q

Benighn or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A
  • at microscopic level can see it invading the capsule
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16
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

has a cystic component – which is why it is called a cystadenoma

17
Q

Benighn or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

growing outward and inward

chaotic glands

18
Q

Benighn or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

can have varying degrees of dysplasia, espeical is patient is a smoker

19
Q

Benighn or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

notice fibrous tissue and scattered lymphocytes

20
Q

What features would you look for in a neuroendocrine tumor?

A
  • Intermediate grade
    • ribbon-like pattern
    • larger nuclei
    • very dark
    • not very pleomorphic
  • High grade
    • lots of mitotic figure
    • lots of necrosis
21
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

benign, normal adipose tussue

22
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

very littler fat– less recognizable adipose tissue

lost of lipoblasts

23
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A
24
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

tumor has lifted periosetum off of the bone

25
Q
  1. What is the name for tumors that are derived form multiple germ cell layers?
  2. from single germ layer?
  3. ectopic tissus (normal tissue in an abnormal location)?
  4. mass or disorganized tissue that belong to that organ
A
  1. teratoma
  2. pleomorphic adenoma
  3. choristoma (common in lower esophagus, see pancreatic tissue)
  4. hamartoma (most common is pulmonary)
26
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

benign

most common to see in the salivary glands– speciically parotid

see cartilage, and glandular areas

neoplastic clone from single germ layer

27
Q

Benign or malignant?

Type of tumor?

A

common in the ovaries

28
Q

What are carcinogens?

This can lead to what condition?

A

agents that damage DNA

DNA mutatiosn disrupt regulation of cell replication and growth

cancer is initiated by non-lethal damage to stem cell DNA

29
Q

Examples of carcinogens?

A
  • chemical carcinogens
  • ultraviolet radiation- induced carcinogenesis
  • ionizing radiation-induced carcinogenesis
  • infectious agents
    • viral
    • bacterial
  • smoking & ethanol
  • diet & obesity
30
Q

Describe the process of carcinogensis

A

stepwise accumulation over yeas/decates of genetic abnormalities

  • initiating mutation
  • then cell becomes less genetically instable
  • variety of mutation that make them more likely to be malignant
31
Q

What is the fundamental principles of the molecular basis of cancer?

A
  • nonlethal genetic damage is at the heart of carcinogenesis
    • point mutation (most common)
    • balanced translocations
    • insertion of a viral genome
    • others
      • deletion
      • gene overamplification
      • gene overexpression
32
Q

What are the four classes of normal regulatory genes that are the principal targets of genetic damage?

A
  • growth-promoting proto-oncogenes
  • growth-inhibiting tumor suppressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
  • genes that regulate apoptosis
  • genes involved in DNA repair
33
Q
  • What are the names for normal genes in regulationof cell cycle that participate inc ell siganling pathways tha drive proliferation?
  • What ist he name for mutated vesrions of the genes indicated above that promote autonomous cell growth
  • What is the name for proteins encoded by the above genes that promote autonomous cell growth?
A
  • proto-oncogenes
  • oncogenes
  • oncoproteins
34
Q

What are the 9 hallmarks of cancer?

A
  1. sustained proliferative signals
    • usually consequence of oncogene actiation
  2. evading growth suppressor
    • usually due to inactivation of tumor suppressor genes
  3. altered cellular metabolism
    • switch to aerobic glycolysis
    • “Warbur effect”
  4. Evasion of apoptosis
    • prototypic anti-apoptotic protein is BCL-2
  5. enabling replicative immortality
  6. angiogenesis
    • stimulate production of new blood vessels
  7. ability to invade and metastasize
  8. evasion of immune responses
  9. genomic instability

S2B1: Pathology (9 decks)

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