neoplasia

Question 1

neoplasm

Answer 1

abnormal growth of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked that change.

Question 2

teratoma

Answer 2

germ cell tumours with greater than 1 tissue type

Question 3

blastoma

Answer 3

group of tumours occurring in children under 5 years of age

Question 4

hamartoma

Answer 4

benign tumour and lacks autonomy i.e. it is made from a mixture of normal tissue and cells from the area in which it grows.

Question 5

benign charachteristics

Answer 5

non invasive, localised and slow growth

Question 6

benign connective tissue

Answer 6

prefix of cell origin + oma

Question 7

benign epithelial cell tumours

Answer 7

depends on origin/architecture/patterns

Question 8

adenoma

Answer 8

benign neoplasm of glandular or secretory epithelium

Question 9

papilloma

Answer 9

benign neoplasm of non glandular epithelium

Question 10

malignant characteristics

Answer 10

invasive, not contained, rapid growth rate

Question 11

malignant connective tissue

Answer 11

prefix + sarcoma

Question 12

malignant epithelial tissue

Answer 12

+ carcinoma

Question 13

adenocarcinoma

Answer 13

glandular malignant neoplasm

Question 14

lymphoma

Answer 14

malignant and there is no benign variant

Question 15

melanoma

Answer 15

always malignant there is no benign variant

Question 16

histological grade

Answer 16

measure of tumour semblance to parent

Question 17

benign tumour shape

Answer 17

exophytic (growing away from the surface) because these tumours dont produce the substances that allow them to invade into the tissue

intact surface i.e. regular edge/border that is clearly circumscribed or encapsulated

homogenous cut surface

Question 18

malignant tumour shape

Answer 18

endophytic growth

more irregular

ulcerated surface with maybe bleeding

grow inwards dye to substances produced allowing them to invade into surrounding tissues

they have an irregular infiltrative edge

Question 19

anaplasia

Answer 19

loss of matured or specialised features of a tissue

Question 20

malignant morphological changes

Answer 20

pleomorphism: inconsistencies in the shape and size of cells

abnormal nuclear morphology

mitosis

loss of polarity

Question 21

malignant tumours have 4 stages of growth

Answer 21

one cell has a change which changes its growth pattern but doesnt kill it, hence the cell can continue to divide and the daughter cells it produces will also have that change.

if the transformed cells have a growing advantage and can avoid being shut down then they will continue to grow.

As mitosis is more frequent they will pick up more gene mutations.

local invasion: the transformed cells invade locally in the underlying tissue or adjacent tissue by releasing substances that allow it to digest and invade into the area.

distant metastases

Question 22

4 pathways of metastatic spread

Answer 22

1. local invasion
2. lymphatic spread
3. vascular spread
4. trans coelomic spread (within organs)

Question 23

common sites for metastasis

Answer 23

lung, liver, brain, bone

Question 24

parneoplastic syndrome

Answer 24

the indirect impact the tumour is having on the body and not the impact the tumour has by just being physically there

Question 25

prognosis

Answer 25

(histological) grade: the degree of differentiation

stage: extent of spread

Question 26

grading of malignant tumour

Answer 26

judged from histological features:
mitosis
differentiation
nuclear pleomorphism (differences in shape + size of tissue)

Question 27

staging of malignant tumours

Answer 27

TNM (tumour node metastasis)
Breslow (skin)
Dukes’ (colorectal)

Question 28

TNM

Answer 28

T = tumour sizer
N = degree of lymph node involvement 
M = extent of distant metastasis

Question 29

in situ neoplasia

Answer 29

normal = stratified squamous cell epithelium

dysplasia = cells arent behaving they way they should, evidence of enlarged nuclei undergoing cell division at the surface of the epithelium

carcinoma in situ = total loss of stratification with immature cells scattered throughout all layers. basement membrane intact i.e. this is the in situ part

invasion invasive carcinoma) = erosion of basement membrane and tumour gains access to vascular channels

metastasis