neoplasia Flashcards
neoplasm
abnormal growth of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked that change.
teratoma
germ cell tumours with greater than 1 tissue type
blastoma
group of tumours occurring in children under 5 years of age
hamartoma
benign tumour and lacks autonomy i.e. it is made from a mixture of normal tissue and cells from the area in which it grows.
benign charachteristics
non invasive, localised and slow growth
benign connective tissue
prefix of cell origin + oma
benign epithelial cell tumours
depends on origin/architecture/patterns
adenoma
benign neoplasm of glandular or secretory epithelium
papilloma
benign neoplasm of non glandular epithelium
malignant characteristics
invasive, not contained, rapid growth rate
malignant connective tissue
prefix + sarcoma
malignant epithelial tissue
+ carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
glandular malignant neoplasm
lymphoma
malignant and there is no benign variant
melanoma
always malignant there is no benign variant
histological grade
measure of tumour semblance to parent
benign tumour shape
exophytic (growing away from the surface) because these tumours dont produce the substances that allow them to invade into the tissue
intact surface i.e. regular edge/border that is clearly circumscribed or encapsulated
homogenous cut surface
malignant tumour shape
endophytic growth
more irregular
ulcerated surface with maybe bleeding
grow inwards dye to substances produced allowing them to invade into surrounding tissues
they have an irregular infiltrative edge
anaplasia
loss of matured or specialised features of a tissue
malignant morphological changes
pleomorphism: inconsistencies in the shape and size of cells
abnormal nuclear morphology
mitosis
loss of polarity
malignant tumours have 4 stages of growth
one cell has a change which changes its growth pattern but doesnt kill it, hence the cell can continue to divide and the daughter cells it produces will also have that change.
if the transformed cells have a growing advantage and can avoid being shut down then they will continue to grow.
As mitosis is more frequent they will pick up more gene mutations.
local invasion: the transformed cells invade locally in the underlying tissue or adjacent tissue by releasing substances that allow it to digest and invade into the area.
distant metastases
4 pathways of metastatic spread
- local invasion
- lymphatic spread
- vascular spread
- trans coelomic spread (within organs)
common sites for metastasis
lung, liver, brain, bone
parneoplastic syndrome
the indirect impact the tumour is having on the body and not the impact the tumour has by just being physically there
