Cellular Pathology

Question 1

hyperplasia

Answer 1

enlargement due to increase in cell number

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

enlargement due to increase in cell size

Question 3

atrophy

Answer 3

shrinkage in cell size due to loss of cell substance

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

replacement of one cell type with another

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

abnormal growth and differentiation

Question 6

reversible energy phenotype

Answer 6

cell swells due to failure of energy dependent proton pumps in plasma membrane and loss of ionic and fluid homeostasis

fatty changes due to hypoxic or toxic injury

Question 7

irreversible injury

Answer 7

the cell will die either by apoptosis or necrosis

Question 8

necrosis

Answer 8

as a result of energy failure of the cell where the membrane leaks and the cell swells because the internal organelles leak also.

results in the cell lysing, releasing its contents.

Question 9

coagulative necrosis

Answer 9

most common type whereby proteins coagulate and preserve the general tissue architecture.

leaves shadow of what was there before.

all tissues EXCEPT BRAIN.

Question 10

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 10

the cell liquifies and is typical of bacterial/fungal infections and hypoxic death in the CNS.

Question 11

caseous necrosis

Answer 11

associated with TB.

Question 12

fat necrosis (fat saponification)

Answer 12

necrosis of adipose tissue i.e. where pancreas is damaged and pancreas releases enzymes that damage adipose tissue.

releases fatty acids and calcium and has visible chalky white area.

Question 13

gangrene

Answer 13

necrosis with infection, lost blood supply causes liquefactive action.

Question 14

classical signs of infection

Answer 14

rubor 
calor
dolor
tumour
functio laesa

Question 15

vascular response to infection

Answer 15

first constriction and then dilation.

Question 16

vascular changes

Answer 16

1. exudate

2. movement of RBCs and WBCs

Question 17

WBC chemotaxis

Answer 17

1. margination
2. adhesion
3. emigration
4. resolution
5. (sometimes) suppuration i.e. abscess formation

Question 18

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 18

is a dead give away that chronic inflammation is occurring

epithelioid histiocytes = bigger macrophages that are activated and dont phagocytose much but secrete lots of products

giant cells = multinucleate and generated when macrophages coalesce

lymphocytes

Question 19

main characteristics of chronic inflammation

Answer 19

cells: macrophages and lymphocytes + giant cells (give away)
attempts at healing: fibroblasts producing collagen
tissue destruction: not specific

Question 20

morphological patterns of inflammation

Answer 20

1. serous
2. fibrinous
3. suppurative/purulent
4. ulcer

Question 21

serous

Answer 21

inflammation of serous cavities and thin fluid is collected

Question 22

fibrinous

Answer 22

accumulation of fibrins. when present at high levels it indicates that a severe injury is happening.

Question 23

suppurative/purulent

Answer 23

abscess, pus production and reveals that it is a microbial infection.

Question 24

ulcer

Answer 24

removal of surface or local defect/excavation of an organ or a tissue.

Question 25

repair and regeneration outcomes

Answer 25

1. resolution
2. regeneration
3. repair

Question 26

regenerative capacity of cells

Answer 26

1. labile or continuously cycling cells
2. stabile or quiescent
3. permanent: cardio myocytes, skeletal myocytes

Question 27

repair/organisation

Answer 27

step 1:
intermediate tissue called granulation tissue is produced and supplied by many new capillaries growing into the area i.e. very dark red in colour.

fibroblasts move into the area which produce collagen

myofibroblasts actively contract to reduce wound size and the amount of scar tissue that needs to be generated.

step 2: mature scar
filled with collagen and capillaries are not dilated at all.

Question 28

wound healing: 1st intention

Answer 28

a surgical scar with wound edges close to each other. scab forms with clot of coagulated blood products + neutrophils.

within a couple of days the epidermal cells proliferate underneath the scab with spindle fibroblasts and capillaries growing into the area.

in week or two there is confluent epidermal layer. underneath the fibre scar tissue will remain.

Question 29

wound healing: 2nd intention

Answer 29

wound edges not close together.

wound contraction mediated by myofibroblasts.

after weeks there may remain evidence of damage by indentation in the epidermal layer.

Question 30

exudate vs transudate

Answer 30

exudate has high protein content

transudate has low protein content because vessels here have normal permeability characteristics.

Question 31

granuloma vs granulation tissue

Answer 31

granuloma is aggregate of epithelioid histiocytes i.e. bigger macrophages with less phagocytic action and more secretion of pro inflammatory cytokine action.

granulation tissue is temporary intermediate tissue comprised of many capillaries and fibrous matrix along with myofibroblasts.