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patho midterm 2 > neoplasia > Flashcards

neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

neoplasia is?

A

abnormal cell growth and differentiation

it is excessive and exceeds normal growth, not regulated

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2
Q

what is a neoplasm?

A

TUMOR, abnormal mass

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3
Q

if neoplasia is present you form a

A

neoplasm, which can be malignant or benign

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4
Q

characteristics of a benign tumor?

A
  • neoplasia is occuring, but it is non-cancerous
  • uncontrolled, but slower growth compared to malignant
  • the tissue still resembles SAME of what is normally there
  • may stop or regress
  • usually encapsulated SO… noninvasive (invades the local area but not surrounding tissue)
  • does NOT spread by metastasis
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5
Q

characteristics of a malignant tumor?

A
  • growth is completely unregulated, rapid
  • cells do not resemble the normal tissue (takes up various forms)
  • disorderly, undifferentiated with anaplasia
  • secrete enzymes that break up cementing material between cells to make room for further proliferation
  • NOT capsulated, invasive and damaging!!
  • gains access to blood and lymph channels to metastasize to other areas
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6
Q

genes code for a?

A

protein, which has a function and does the task (tells the cell to perform certain actions)

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7
Q

what are DNA repair genes?

A

“spell check genes”

  • READ through GENETIC code
  • CHECK for ERROR
  • SENSE ERROR, try to FIX IT
  • carcinogens target these genes so you cannot check for errors= no repair!
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8
Q

what are cancer associated genes?

A
  1. proto- oncogenes

2. tumor suppressing genes

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9
Q

proto oncogenes?

A

“GO genes”= assoc w/ genes OVERACTIVITY
-NORMAL become CANCER-CAUSING if MUTATED
-INSTRUCT cell to PROCEED (GO) with cell division and growth through growth factors
UNCONTROLLED GROWTH–> tumor

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10
Q

tumor suppressing genes?

A

“STOP genes”= assoc w/ gene UNDERACTIVITY

-STOP cell division, if mutated cause UNCONTROLLED growth and tumor formation

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11
Q

oncogene?

A

ANY OF the CANCER associated genes become mutated=
ONCOGENE
(proto-oncogene or tumor-suppressing gene)

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12
Q

suffix “oma” is for?

A

BENIGN tumors!

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13
Q

suffix “sarcoma” is for?

A

MALIGNANT tumors if NON-EPITHELIAL ORIGIN

cartilage, bone, muscle

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14
Q

suffix “carcinoma” is for?

A

MALIGNANT tumors of EPITHELIAL origin

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15
Q

tumors double in size every?

A

approximately every 120 DAYS

so doubles approx 3/year

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16
Q

how long does it take for a tumor to be clinically detectable?

A

10 years!

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17
Q

what size is a tumor detectable at by physical exam?

A

1 cm

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18
Q

how many cells are in a tumor of 1cm diameter?

A

1 billion cells

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19
Q

what size tumor will generally kill a person?

A

10 cm

20
Q

methods of tumor spreading?

A

LOCAL
SEEDING
METASTASIS

21
Q

what is local spreading?

A

-invades ONLY surrounding tissue

22
Q

what is seeding?

A

-distant SPREAD, tends to happens within body cavities

23
Q

what is metastasis?

A

-distant SPREAD “TRUE spreading” through blood and lymph

24
Q

primary site (metastasis)?

A

-where tumor was first formed, origin of cancer

25
Q

secondary site (metastasis)?

A
  • where cancer cells spread to and proliferate

- most common is LYMPH tissue

26
Q

sentinel lymph node?

A

=first lymph node affected by cancerous cells

27
Q

with metastasis, it is usually widespread and…

A

leads to DEATH

28
Q

does the tissue on the secondary site become malignant?

A

NO, tissue on secondary site is INVADED by malignant cells, gives them an area to GROW and DIVIDE

29
Q

where does cancer usually metastasize to?

A

-LIVER, LUNGS, BONES, BRAIN

30
Q

stage 1 of metastasis?

A
  • cells begin to PROLIFERATE in LOCAL tissue
  • secrete ENZYMES (break up cementing material between normal cells to make room for MORE proliferation)
  • GROUPS of malignant cells ENTER blood or lymph (called EMBOLI)
  • defense cells ATTACK but 1/10000 live
  • platelets PROTECT and cover cancer cells!!!!
31
Q

stage 2 metastasis?

A
  • cancer SPREADS via BLOOD or LYMPH
  • ARRIVE at SECONDARY site
  • once SUITABLE site established: cancer cells use CYTOKINES and GROWTH factors to INVADE tissue
  • cells at secondary site provide space for INVADING MALIGNANT cells
32
Q

qualities of a suitable secondary site?

A
  1. resources for growth and division
  2. protection from defences
  3. room to grow
    - -> cytokines help determine a suitable spot
    ideally: LARGE and RICHLY VASCULARIZED
33
Q

stage 3 metastasis?

A

-ANGIOGENESIS—> CA cells need BLOOD supply and RESOURCES to ensure SURVIVAL and cell growth
… so they create their OWN blood vessels

34
Q

staging a tumor?

A 
obtained clinically (physical, CXR, MRI etc)
-global TNM (Tumor size, lymphNodes, Metastasis)
35
Q

T0-4?

A

size of tumor and how much tissue has been invaded

  • tX= cannot be assessed
  • t0= no evidence of primary tumor
  • t1-4= corresponds to size and how far it has spread
36
Q

N0-3?

A

regional lymph nodes (NOT number of nodes, DEGREE of involvement)

  • Nx= cannot be assessed
  • N0= no evidence
  • N1-4= corresponds to degree of spread to nodes
37
Q

M0-1?

A

METASTASIS- it HAS or HAS not metastasized

38
Q

what is grading?

A 
obtained histologically (stain, under a microscope)
-more subjective, higher= more anaplasia
I to IV
I= RESTRICTED growth
IV= EXTENSIVE
39
Q

treatment for cancer is done to achieve one of three things?

A
  1. eradicate the cancer
  2. control the malignancy or growth
  3. palliative: make the patient comfortable and functional
40
Q

problems with treatment for cancer?

A

targets normal cells along with cancer cells, so normal cells that are rapidly proliferating are killed as well.

41
Q

what is radiation therapy?

A

aim for control/cure (KILL malignant cells)

  • achieves NECROSIS by bombarding CHEMICALS in malignant cells w/ radiation and form FREE RADICALS= cause cell DEATH (they interfere w/ dna, proteins, membranes)
  • breaks DNA bonds and genetic molecules—> cell death
42
Q

what is chemotherapy?

A

PHARMACOLOGICAL
-injecting DRUGS (IV, IM, or PO)
-drugs target RAPIDLY growing cells in body
-inhibit division of cancer cells by:
targeting ENZYMES to disrupt cellular processes
inhibiting DNA, RNA and protein synthesis

43
Q

surgery for cancer?

A

removing the tumor
-often followed by chemo or radiation; remove AS MUCH as possible of tumor, THEN use other therapy to TARGET remaining cancer cells= COMBO

44
Q

what is immunotherapy?

A

inducing, enhancing or suppressing an immune response

  • use cytokines, antibodies, antigens (example= administer potent dose of TB antigens, trigger strong IR, immune cells target cancer)
  • culture immune cells in lab and inject into body “in vivo= into patient”
45
Q

what is hormone therapy?

A

CUTS off hormones that are feeding “hormone dependent tumours”

example: administer testosterone if tumor dependent on estrogen
- treat with drugs that are hormones or hormone antagonists
- DISRUPTS regulatory function

46
Q

what is combination therapy?

A

COMBINE 2 or more of above (OFTEN 3)

-common= radiation + immunotherapy; surgery + chemo + radiation

47
Q

why are there/ what are the side effects of chemo?

A

other rapidly growing cells are targeted (in bone marrow, digestive system, hair follices)
- causing impaired immune function, hair loss, nausea

patho midterm 2 (16 decks)

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