Neoplasia Flashcards
Naming benign tumor
Add “oma”
Fibroma, chondroma
Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenomas
Papillary cystadenomas
Polyp
Adenoma- from gland
Papilloma- fingerling/wavy projection
Cystadenomas- from ovary/simiakir structure
Papillary cystadenomas- papillary structure in cystic space
Polyp- macroscopic visible projection above mucosa(with adenoma if glandular)
Benign vs malignant
Benign- well differentiated
Progressive and slow
Well demarcated, no infiltration
No metastasis
Malignant- lack differentiation
Erratic, more rapid, many mitoses
Invasive
Frequent metastasis
Naming malignant tumors
Sarcoma Leukemia Lymphoma Carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Adenocarcinoma
Sarcoma- solid mesenchymal tissue
Leukemia- blood forming cells
Lymphomas- lymphocyte precursor
Epithelial layers- carcinoma
Squamous- grows in squamous cell pattern
Adenocarcinima- grows in a glandular type pattern
Pleomorphic adenoma
Teratoma
Renal Anlage
Pleiomorphic adenoma- from cell capable of making epithelial and myoepithelial(salivary gland)
Teratoma- immature cells or tissue from more than one germ layer(totipotent cells)
Renal Anlage- Wilms tumor
Ovarian cystic teratoma
Common malignant tumor from cells along ectodermal lines making a cystic tumor of skin, hair, teeth, glands.
Marks of Anaplasia(5)
Pleiomorphism-variation of size and shape
Abnormal nuclear morphology-large nuclei, irregular, clumped,dark chromatin
Mitoses- high proliferation
Loss of polarity- disorganized growth layers/masses
Other- large central area of ischemic necrosis due to limits to vascular supply
Likelihood of primary tumor metastasis(4)
Lack of differentiation
Aggressive local invasion
Rapid growth
Large size
Pathways of spread(3)
And which type most comm for
Sarcoma
Carcinoma
Seeding- penetrate into open space (peritoneum, pleura)
Lymphatic spread- More common carcinoma
Hematogenous- more common in sarcoma
Common sites of hematogenous spread
The next capillary bed
Liver(from gut)
Lungs (from most other parts of body)
Characteristics of tumors(4)
Differentiation
Rate of growth
Invasion
Metastasis
Most common cancers in US
Developing world?
Male
Female
Male- prostate, lung, colon
Women- breast, lung, colon
Developing
Men- lung, stomach, liver
Women- Breast, cervix, lung
Cancer death rates
Men
Women
Men- lung, prostate
Women- lung, breast
Childhood tumors(5)
Deaths(2)
Infant- neuroblastoma, wilm’s tumor, retinoblastoma, leukemia, rhabdomyosarcoma
Death- leukemia, CNS
Hallmarks of Cancer (8)
1) Self sufficiency in growth signals (active oncogenes)
2) Insensitive to inhibitory signals(Rb, p53)
3) Altered cell metabolism(aerobic glycolysis- Warburg)
4) Evasion of Apoptosis
5) Immortality (telomerase)
6) Sustained angiogenesis
7) Invasion and metastasis
8) Evade Immune System
What type of cancer of positive for….
Cytokeretin
epithelial membrane antigen
Leukocyte common antigen(CD45)
Peroxidase
Non-specific esterase
Glial fibrillation acidic protein
Cytokeretin- carcinoma
epithelial membrane antigen-carcinoma
Leukocyte common antigen(CD45)- lymphoid
Peroxidase- leukocyte
Non-specific esterase- monocyte
Glial fibrillation acidic protein- glial
Cytology vs Flow cytometry
Cytology- grows structure
Flow cytometry- quantifiable physical and chemical characteristics
Chromothripsis
Single catastrophic effect leading to multiple double strand breaks, repair by error prone mechanisms
Immune histo chemistry
Cytokeretin- carcinoma
epithelial membrane antigen-carcinoma
Leukocyte common antigen(CD45)- lymphoid
Peroxidase- leukocyte
Non-specific esterase- monocyte
Glial fibrillation acidic protein- glial
