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pathology (personal) > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Hallmarks of cancer

A 
self sufficiency
unresponsive to inhibition signals
limitless replication
evasion of death
evasion of immune system
invasion ability
reprogramming metabolism pathways
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2
Q

fibroma

A

fibrosis tissue tumor

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3
Q

adenoma

A

gland pattern in normal tumors/ tumors of gland

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4
Q

papilloma

A

finger fronds tumor on surface

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5
Q

cystoma

A

benign hollow cyst

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6
Q

sarcoma

A

solid mesenchymal tumor

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7
Q

leukemia

A

mesenchymal cells of blood

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8
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue

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9
Q

mixed tumors

A

salivary gland tumor - pleomorphic adenoma

fibro (neoplastic)adenoma of breast

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10
Q

divergent differentiation

A

mixed tumors

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11
Q

teratoma

A

mixed tumors with more than one germ layer involvement

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12
Q

hamartoma

A

disorganized indigenous tissue

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13
Q

choristoma

A

heterotrophic rest of cells

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14
Q

scirrhous tumors

A

dense abundant fibrous desmoplasia

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15
Q

anaplastic cells

A 
pleomorphic cells/giant cells
large hyperchromatic nuclei/ multiple nuclei
nuclear- cytoplasmic ratio - upto 1:1 (normal 1:4/1:6)
coarse chromatin
large nucleolus
mitoses - numerous, atypical
anarchic mitotic spindle
tripolar/quadripolar mitotic figures
abnormal orientation
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16
Q

dysplasia

A

disorderly non neoplastic proliferation
architectural anarchy
dysplasia in whole thickness of epithelium - carcinoma insitu

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17
Q

benign leiomyoma

A

no capsule

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18
Q

carcinoma

A

lymphatic spread

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19
Q

sarcoma

A

hematogenous spread

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20
Q

skip metastasis

A

papillary carcinoma of thyroid, osteosarcoma

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21
Q

autosomal dominant cancer syndromes

A

childhood retinoblastoma - tumor suppressor gene mutation

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22
Q

autosomal recessive syndromes of defective DNA repair

A

xeroderma pigmentosa

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23
Q

familial cancer

A

early onset
present in relatives
bilateral/ multiple lesions

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24
Q

preneoplastic lesions

A

metaplasia, dysplasia, hyperplasia, leukoplakia, villous adenoma, benign tumors

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25
Q

normal regulatory genes

A

protooncogenes
tumor suppressor genes
apoptosis gene
DNA repair genes

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26
Q

oncogenes

A

dominant (one allele mutation leads to- neoplasms)

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27
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

governor - brake on proliferation

guardian - sense damage and repairing

28
Q

TP53

A

guardian gene

29
Q

loss of guardian genes like tp53

A

permits and accelerate mutation acquisition

30
Q

balanced translocation

A

Burkitt lymphoma - overexpression of myc (8) on it’s translocation under Ig heavy chain regulatory element (14)

follicular B cell lymphoma - overexpression of antiapoptotic bcl2 gene (18) on its translocation under Ig heavy chain regulatory element (14)

CML- fusion gene 9-22 (Ph chromosome) leading to BCR ABL rearrangement - encode tyrosine kinase (novel chimeric protein)

Ewing sarcoma - fusion gene (t11;22) (q24;12) EWS transcription factor with Fli-1

AML, MPD

31
Q

fusion genes

A

bcr-abl - kinase - CML
Fli-1 EWS - transcription factor ewing sarcoma
TMPRSS- ETS - transcription factor- prostate cancer
EML4 -ALK - kinase - lung carcinoma
HGMA-2 - overexpression (removal of negative regulatory microRNA site)

32
Q

site of Rb gene

A

13q14

33
Q

gene amplification

A

nymc - neuroblastoma

hsr - amplified gene insert into new chromosomal location
double minutes- extrachromosomal

erbb2- breast cancer

34
Q

microRNA

A

single stranded, non coding

cleave mRNA/ repress translation

35
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2

stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

36
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2

stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

37
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2

stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

37
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2

stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

38
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2

stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

38
Q

miRNA

A

inhibits antiapoptotic (procarcinogenic) gene bcl2

stimulate procarcinogenic RAS, MYC

39
Q

ECM

A

collagens, glycoprotein, proteoglycans

40
Q

proteases in tumor invasion

A

mmp, cathespin D, urokinase plasminogen activator

41
Q

MMP role in tumor invasion

A

release ECM sequestrated growth factors

remodel basement membrane

42
Q

mmp 9 gelatinase

A

cleave type iv collagen

release vegf

43
Q

direct acting chemical carcinogen

A

alkylating agents - leukemia

44
Q

indirectly acting chemical carcinogens

A 
benzopyrene 
active principle- epoxide
aromatic amines
azo dyes
beta naphthylamine - bladder cancer
aflatoxin - hepatocellular carcinoma
nitrites

metabolic activation by monooxygenases (polymorphism)

45
Q

aflatoxin

A

signature mutation in tp53

46
Q

TAX gene in HTLV-1 virus

A

activate genes - of cytokines (il2, 15), receptors, costimulatory factors
bind to cyclins
t cell mitogens - polyclonal proliferation
finally tp53 - tumor suppressors- monoclonal neoplasms

47
Q

Paraneoplastic endocrinopathy

A

small cell lung carcinoma

pancreatic and neural carcinoma

48
Q

SIADH Paraneoplastic

A

small cell lung carcinoma, intracranial tumor

49
Q

hyperglycaemia

A

squamous cell carcinoma of lung

breast, renal, adult t cell leukemia/lymphoma, ovarian

50
Q

hypoglycemia

A

fibrosarcoma
mesenchymal sarcoma
hepatocellular carcinoma

51
Q

Paraneoplastic carcinoid syndrome

A

bronchial adenoma

pancreatic, gastric carcinoma

52
Q

polycythemia Paraneoplastic

A

renal carcinoma
cerebellar hemangioma
hepatocellular carcinoma

(erythropoietin)

53
Q

myasthenia Paraneoplastic

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

thymoma

54
Q

myasthenia Paraneoplastic

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

thymoma

55
Q

disorders of cns and pns

A

breast Cancer

teratomas

56
Q

acanthosis nigricans Paraneoplastic

A

gastric adenoma

lung and uterine carcinoma

57
Q

dermatomyositis

A

bronchogenic

breast cancer

58
Q

hypertrophy osteoarthropathy, clubbing of fingers

A

bronchogenic carcinoma

59
Q

venous thrombosis

A

pancreatic, bronchogenic carcinoma

60
Q

non bacterial endocarditis

A

advanced cancer

61
Q

anemia

A

thymoma

62
Q

NEPHROTIC syndrome

A

Paraneoplastic syndrome

in various cancers

63
Q

cytokeratin

A

undifferentiated carcinoma

64
Q

CEA

A

colon , pancrease, stomach, breast carcinoma

pathology (personal) (11 decks)

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