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Pathobiology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

Which type of cancer is highest in males?

A

Lungs (16%)

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2
Q

Which type of cancer has the highest mortality rate males?

A

Lung

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3
Q

Which type of cancer is the most freq. diagnosed? Males

A

Prostate

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4
Q

Define neoplasia

A

Abnormal/continuous division of cells which are no longer subject to homeostatic mechanisms

Regeneration > lost

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5
Q

What 3 characteristics / disturbances are found in neoplastic cells?

A

Cell proliferation

Differentiation

Relationship between neighbour cells

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6
Q

Name a growth factor so a cell can divide

A

TGF-B

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7
Q

What can a cell create to stimulate its own division?

A

PDGF

Autocrine loop

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8
Q

What GF is part of angiogenesis?

A

VEGF

bFGF

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9
Q

Name the 3 types of different structures found in cancer cells

A

Bi /Tri Lobed nuclei

Irregular shaped

Pleomorphic

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10
Q

Is growth fast / Slow in benign cells

A

Slow

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11
Q

Are there ulcerations in Malignant cells?

A

Frequent ulcerations

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12
Q

Which type of cancer has haemorrhages?

A

Malignant

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13
Q

Which type of cancer had an irregular feel?

A

Malignant

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14
Q

Which type of cancer has mitotic figures?

A

Malignant

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15
Q

Basement membrane discontinuing shows what type of cancer?

A

Malignant

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16
Q

90% cancers originate where?

A

Epithelium

As first contact with enviroment

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17
Q

Benign squamous

A

Squamous Papilloma

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18
Q

Malignant squamous

A

Squamous carcinoma

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19
Q

Carcinoma is what type of cancer?

A

Malignant

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20
Q

Sarcoma are what type of cancer?

A

Malignant

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21
Q

Oma ending will be what type of cancer?

Except which two types?

A

Benign

Melanoma

Lymphoma

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22
Q

Asbestos and radon increase what type of cancer?

A

Lung

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23
Q

High fat low fibre will lead to what type of cancer?

A

Colorectal

24
Q

Where are fibrous capsules derivied from?

A

ECM of native tissue

25
Q

Can all malignant cancers metastasise?

A

No

Glial cells in CNS

26
Q

What increases the likelihood of a cancer cell metastasising?

A

The more aggressive ive it is with a higher growth rate

27
Q

Name two cancers with HIGH growth rates

A

Leukaemias

Lymphomas

28
Q

Name two cancers with low Growth rates

A

Breast

Colon

29
Q

Name the 4 pathways of metastasis

A

Direct seeding

Lymphatic spread

Haematogenous spread

Transcoelomic spread

30
Q

Which metastasis spread is most common?

A

Lymphatic

31
Q

Haematogenous spread is more common with which type of malignant cancer type?

A

Typical with sarcomas

Sometimes carcinomas

32
Q

Increase in age at lead to an accumulation of what?

A

Somatic mutations

33
Q

Name a syndrome which is characteristic of a mutation in the DNA repair pathway

A

Blooms syndrome

34
Q

Proto-oncogenes

A

Umutated genes that promote cell growth

35
Q

Name the process of loss of adhesion to a basement membrane

A

Anoikis

36
Q

What type of enzyme is present in 95% of cancer cells

A

Telomerase

37
Q

What glycoproteins are responsible for the communication between cells

A

E-Cadherin cells

38
Q

Tumour cells travelling thorugh the spaces in the matrix is called what migration?

A

Ameboid migration

39
Q

Name two proteolyric enzymes that are released from tumour cells

A

Colegenase

Stromelysin

40
Q

Name the 3 letters and meanings of the clinical staging of cancer

A

T-Tumour size (how far its penetrated)

N- number of nodes its invaded

M- Has it metastasise

41
Q

T1

A

Invasion into submucosa layer

42
Q

T0

A

In situ

43
Q

T2

A

Invasion into underlying muscular layer

44
Q

T3

A

Invasion THROUGH muscular layer

45
Q

T4

A

Into peritoneal cavity

46
Q

N0

A

No spread

47
Q

N1

A

1-3 nodes

48
Q

N2

A

4+

49
Q

N3

A

Outside localised area

50
Q

M1

A

Metastasise

51
Q

T3 N1 M0

A

50%

Chemo

52
Q

T4 N1 M0

A

40%

Chemo

53
Q

T4 N1 M1

A

30%

54
Q

T3 N0 M0

A

80%

55
Q

T4 N0 M0

A

60-70%

56
Q

What is the most common site for sarcomas

A

Lung

57
Q

Which cancer is common with lymphatic spread

A

Carcinomas

Pathobiology (13 decks)

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