Cell Injury

Question 1

3 causes of cell injury

Answer 1

Acquired (after birth via enviro)

Genetic (genetic base sequence)

Congenital (during foetal development)

Question 2

Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

Answer 2

Released during Hypoxic Stress

New blood vessel formation

Stimulates cell survival

Question 3

Ischaemia-reperfusion Injury

Answer 3

Blood flow is returned

Leads to oxidative damage

Question 4

What type of cells replicate continuously?

Answer 4

Squamous

Question 5

What type of cells replicate on demand

Answer 5

Liver

Question 6

What type if cells never replicate

Answer 6

Nerve cells

Question 7

Increased cellular activity leads to what two things?

Answer 7

Hypertrophy

Hyperplasia

Question 8

Decreased cellular activity leads to what?

Answer 8

Atrophy

Question 9

What 4 proteins causes the increase in synthesis of contractile proteins?

Answer 9

TGF-B

IGF-1

endothelial-1

Angiotensin-2

Question 10

What type of cells can enlarge due to TGF-B?

Answer 10

Skeletal / Cardiac

Question 11

Name the 3 types of hyperplasia

Answer 11

Pathologic (excess hormones or GF)

Compensatory (regeneration of liver from hepatectomy)

Physiologic (hormonal)

Question 12

Name two types of atrophy

Answer 12

Physiologic - decreased size of uterus after birth

Pathologic - degeneration of muscle/Blood supply

Question 13

What pathway does the atrophy go through?

Answer 13

Ubiquitin-Proteasome

Question 14

Metaplasia refers to what substitution?

Answer 14

One cell type for another

Question 15

What are lost during metaplasia?

Answer 15

Protective mechanisms

Columnar—> squamous in smokers

Question 16

Where does dysplasia often occur?

Answer 16

Metaplastic epithelium

Question 17

Coagulatative Necrosis

Answer 17

Dead tissue preserved

No proteolysis occurs

Ischaemia

Question 18

Liquefactive Necrosis

Answer 18

Digestion of dead cells —> liwuid viscous agent

Accumulation of leukocytes / Pus

Question 19

Caseos Necrosis

Answer 19

Collection of fragmented /Lysed cells

Foci of TB infection

Question 20

Gamgrenous Necrosis

Answer 20

Loss of limb

Due to lack of BS

Question 21

Fat Necrosis

Answer 21

Damage to pancreas

Lipases released which convert fat —>glycerol + FA

Cell death in fatty tissue

Question 22

Name the two situations of apoptosis

Answer 22

Physiologic-eliminates cells which are no longer needed (embryogenesis)

Pathologic -DNA damage + Accumulation of miss folded proteins

Question 23

Deficient apoptosis

Answer 23

Mutations on p53

Question 24

Excess apoptosis

Answer 24

Alzheimers

Question 25

Whats leaked out of mitochondria during intrinsic apoptosis?

Answer 25

Cytochrome C

Question 26

What stops intrinsic Apoptosis from occurring?

Answer 26

Growth factor binding to cell membrane

Question 27

Name the 4 stages of apoptosis

Answer 27

DNA fragments

Cytoplasm shrinks and membrane Blebs

Contents packed apoptotic bodies

Phagocytes engulf

Question 28

What causes hypertrophy in terms of work?

Answer 28

Increased functional demand

Question 29

What causes DNA damage this pathologic apoptosis?

Answer 29

Free radicals / radiation / hypoxia

Question 30

What do chaperones do?

Answer 30

DNA repair

Question 31

What type of virus can degrade p53 function

Answer 31

HPV type 16