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Block 2 Pathophysiology > Neoplasia > Flashcards

Neoplasia Flashcards

1
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

Neoplasia means “new growth”, used to describe abnormal tissue with excessive, uncoordinated, autonomous growth

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2
Q

2 types of neoplasia

A

Benign neoplasia

Malignant neoplasia

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3
Q

____ is the study of neoplasms

A

Oncology

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4
Q

Cancer describes ____tumors

A

malignant

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5
Q

Steps in Neoplasia

A

Transformation and progression
Clonal expansion and tumor growth
Invasion
Metastasis

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6
Q

___________ refer to changes in regulation of cell differentiation and growth, usually related to more than one critical mutation

A

Transformation and progression

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7
Q

Transformation refers to the mutation of certain genes which provide_____________.

A

early growth and proliferation advantages,

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8
Q

two types of transformations that result in mutations

A

tumor supressor genes and proto-oncogenes

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9
Q

tumor suppressor genes ____ a function,

A

lose

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10
Q

proto-oncogenes ___ a function

A

gain

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11
Q

_____ refers to sequential mutations of other genes that confer various additional traits such as immortality, unchecked proliferation, response or lack of response to hormones / growth factors / suppressive factors, tissue invasion, eluding immune system detection, stimulating angiogenesis, and metastasis

A

Progression

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12
Q

_______ transfer their own viral oncogenes into human cells, causing uncontrolled proliferation (e.g., HPV, HTLV, HBV, HCV, others)

A

Oncogenic viruses

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13
Q

Throughout the changes of transformation and progression there may be changes that occur as a result of the genetic mutations which may be used as ________ of cancer or guide treatment in later stages

A

predictive markers

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14
Q

Distinctive physical presentations

that can be markers in cancers

A

Polyps (e.g., mucosal neoplasms such as colon tumors)
Dysplastic nevi (e.g., melanoma)
Actinic keratosis (e.g., squamous cell carcinomas)
Barret’s esophagus (e.g., esophageal cancer)
Other lesions associated with neoplasia, e.g., leukoplakia, erythroplakia

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15
Q

______ implies that the individual neoplastic cells in which beneficial mutations occur will outcompete other surrounding neoplastic cells, changing the characteristics of the tumor

A

Clonal expansion

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16
Q

_______is the overall result of clonal expansion of neoplastic cell clones with multiple growth and survival advantages

A

Tumor growth

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17
Q

The rate of growth of a neoplasm is determined by three main factors:
what are they?

A
  1. Doubling time of the neoplastic cells
  2. Fraction of neoplastic cells that are in the replicative pool (e.g., mitotic figures)
  3. Rate at which cells die or are lost from the growing neoplasm
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18
Q

Normal tissues segregate by ____

A

cell type

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19
Q

Malignant neoplasia is able to invade into nonsimilar tissues by degrading ________and other separations between tissues

A

basement membranes

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20
Q

_______requires the ability to invade and re-establish growth in a distant tissue

A

Metastasis

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21
Q

– most common metastasis pathway

A

lymphatics

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22
Q

lymphatics metastasis pathway

A

Into lymphatics,into lymph nodes and then into blood (follows natural lymphatic drainage)

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23
Q

metastasis into blood vessels pathway

A

Into blood vessels (hematogenous) – follows invasion into veins and arteries, most common with liver, lung, kidney tumors (follows natural venous drainage)

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24
Q

example of metastasis that Directly spread into cavities / tissues

A

colon carcinoma

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25
Q

_____neoplasms are well-demarcated from surrounding tissues and do not invade or metastasize

A

Benign

26
Q

characteristics of benign neoplasms

A

Easily moveable, not attached to deeper tissues, discreet, often encapsulated
Well differentiated

27
Q

can benign neoplasms have mass effect?

A

yes

28
Q

____ neoplasms invade into surrounding tissues and can metastasize

A

Malignant

29
Q

how are malignant neoplasms differentiated?

A

Poorly differentiated (including dysplastic or anaplastic)

30
Q

can malignant neoplasms have mass effect?

A

yes

31
Q

_____ neoplasms display the cytologic features of malignancy without invasion through the basement membrane

A

“In situ”

32
Q

what Refers to the extent to which neoplastic cells resemble normal cells of the same type, both morphologically and functionally

A

Cellular Differentiation

33
Q

______ tumor cells look and function like normal tissue cells from the tissue of origin

A

Well differentiated

34
Q

______ Tend to grow and spread more slowly, have a better prognosis

A

Well differentiated

35
Q

_____ Tend to grow and spread more quickly, poorer prognosis

A

Poorly differentiated

36
Q

_____ tumor cells have a primitive, unspecialized appearance and function differently, barely resembling their tissue of origin

A

Poorly differentiated

37
Q

_______neoplasms look and function like normal cells
Same cell shape, size, polarity
May function like normal
Rarely if ever invasive

A

Well differentiated

38
Q

_____ refers to loss of uniformity of cells and architectural orientation

A

Dysplasia

39
Q

Dysplasia is characterized by

A

Anisocytosis – cells of unequal size
Poikilocytosis – abnormally shaped cells
Hyperchromatism – excessive pigmentation
Presence of mitotic figures – an unusual number of cells which are currently dividing

40
Q

_____ cells lose the morphological characteristics of mature cells, including their orientation

A

“Anaplastic”

41
Q

Pleomorphism

A

– variation in size and shape of cells and nuclei

42
Q

Abnormal nuclear morphology

A

dark staining (hyperchromic), large for cell size, variable shape

43
Q

Mitoses

A

large numbers of mitotic figures indicating active proliferation

44
Q

Loss of polarity

A

cells lose normal directional characteristics

45
Q

Benign, non-germ cell tumors generally indicated by adding the suffix____to the cell of origin

A

–oma

., lipoma, adenoma, fibroma

46
Q

exceptions to the Oma naming rule

A

., lipoma, adenoma, fibroma

47
Q

___are smooth benign mucosal projections, on a stalk (pedunculated) or not (sessile)

A

Polyps

48
Q

____are rough benign epithelial projections

A

Papillomas

49
Q

Malignant epithelial tumors are called _____, named after the tissue and growth pattern (e.g., ductal adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma)

A

carcinomas

50
Q

Malignant non-epithelial tumors are called _____, named after the tissue of origin (e.g., osteosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma)

A

sarcomas

51
Q

____are tumors (frequently malignant) formed from germ cells and therefore differentiate into multiple tissue types

A

Teratomas

52
Q

tumor Cells that would generate from ova and sperm are ___

A

Teratomas

53
Q

___ is a system to describe the extent of cancer development

A

Staging

54
Q

Different staging schemes depending on the ____________

A

type of cancer, rate of growth, invasion and metastasis

55
Q

“Carcinoma in situ” is stage __

A

0

56
Q

Stage is important because it affects the selected______

A

therapy and prognosis

57
Q

TNM Classification of malignant neoplasms (TNM)

A

“T” describes the Tumor: its size and whether it has invaded nearby tissue

“N” describes Lymph Node involvement: do regional lymph nodes contain tumor cells, and how distant involved lymph nodes are from the primary tumor

“M” describes the presence of Metastases

58
Q

Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are most effective with ________

A

rapidly growing tumor cells

59
Q

Increasing the growth fraction of proliferating cells by_______ can force remaining neoplastic cells into proliferative phase, increasing their susceptibility to chemotherapy and radiation therapy

A

surgical or radiation debulking

60
Q

Cancer Risk

A 
Age, gender
Geography (Diet? Exposures? Sunlight?)
Environmental exposures
Genetic predisposition
Chronic inflammation, precancerous conditions, microbe infection
61
Q

Autosomal dominant cancer syndromes (many related to ______)

A

mutated tumor suppressor genes

62
Q

Autosomal recessive cancer syndromes (many related to defective______)

A

DNA repair mechanisms

Block 2 Pathophysiology (8 decks)

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