Neoplasia Flashcards
What is tumour grading?
A measure of the rate of tumour growth based on histology.
The more differentiated, mitotic activity, enlargement, hyperchromasia and pleomorphism there is, the higher the grade
What is a tumour stage?
A measure of the extent of tumour growth based on clinical, radiological and pathological features
How is the extent of a tumour calculated?
Rate x duration= extent
What is the TNM staging system?
T for tumour
N for number of lymph nodes involved
M for distant metastasis
What occurs when cancer spreads to the bone?
Pathological fractures
Hypercalcaemia
Pain
What are some benign epithelial tumours?
Adenomas, Papillomas, Cystadenomas
What is significant about carcinomas?
Most lethal cancer type, most often malignant
What is the morphology of carcinomas?
Cohesive polygonal cells
Cytokeratin postitive
What are melanocytic tumours?
Common tumours of the skin, can be either benign (naevi) or malignant (melanoma)
Morphology is spindle cells/round cells/pleomorphic cells. Cytokeratin negative, S100 positive
Describe connective tissue tumours
Sarcomas rare but benign tumours common
Morphology: spindle cells, round cells, pleomorphic cells, mainly cytokeratin negative
How are lymphomas categorised?
No benign equivalent
Categorised as Hodgkins (Reed-Sternburg cell present) and non Hodgkins, low and high grade, and nodal and extranodal
What is the morphology of lymphomas?
Non-cohesive round cells, cytokeratin negative, leukocyte common antigen positive
Describe leukaemia
Uncommon
No benign counterpart
Only treatment radiotherapy
Describe glial tumours
Uncommon
Varying grades but mostly incurable
Restricted to CNS
