Neoplasia

Question 1

progression of cells to neoplasm

Answer 1

normal –> dysplasia –> in situ neoplasm –> invasive neoplasm

Question 2

in situ neoplasm

Answer 2

neoplasm is confined to initial area of growth

Question 3

invasive neoplasm

Answer 3

neoplasm invades other tissue

Question 4

pleomorphism

Answer 4

variability in size and shape of cells; changes in undifferentiated cells

Question 5

-oma

Answer 5

benign tumor

Question 6

-carcinoma

Answer 6

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

Question 7

-sarcoma

Answer 7

malignant tumor of connective tissue/mesenchymal origin

Question 8

benign tumor

Answer 8

slow growing; can stop or regress, encapsulated, contained; no cell shedding or metastasis, excessive growth of normal cells

Question 9

malignant tumor

Answer 9

rapid growth and spread, undifferentiated cells, no capsule; can break off and metastasize, can develop own blood supply (angiogenesis), can release enzymes/toxins/hormones

Question 10

direct extension

Answer 10

cancer grows past basement membrane of local tissue into surrounding tissue

Question 11

seeding

Answer 11

cancerous cells break off and move through lymphatic system or bloodstream to a distant location

Question 12

metastasis

Answer 12

development and growth of seeded cells into a secondary tumor in a location distant from primary tumor

Question 13

mutator genes

Answer 13

help control mutations - if mutated/altered, mutations occur at a faster rate

Question 14

protooncogenes

Answer 14

proliferation genes - if mutated/altered (oncogene), autonomous and excessive proliferation occurs

Question 15

oncogene

Answer 15

mutated protooncogene - causes autonomous, excessive proliferation

Question 16

tumor suppressor genes

Answer 16

prevent cancerous cells from growing and proliferating - if mutated/altered, tumor growth will not be stopped

Question 17

apoptosis genes

Answer 17

control apoptosis/cell suicide - if mutated/altered, apoptosis will not occur to get rid of damaged or abnormal cells

Question 18

DNA repair genes

Answer 18

fix and repair cells with damaged/bad DNA - if mutated/altered, DNA will not be fixed and will be replicated

Question 19

GERD

Answer 19

gastroesophageal reflux disease - chronic inflammation of the esophagus that can lead to esophageal cancer

Question 20

chronic pancreatitis

Answer 20

chronic inflammation of the pancreas that can be caused by chronic alcoholism; can cause pancreatic cancer

Question 21

effusion

Answer 21

a systemic effect of malignant tumors - inflammation causes fluid buildup in body cavities

Question 22

paraneoplastic syndrome

Answer 22

tumor cells release substances that affect neurologic function and may have hormonal effects; associated with certain tumor types

Question 23

curative treatment

Answer 23

aims to rid the body of cancer (remission)

Question 24

control treatment

Answer 24

aims to keep cancer from growing and metastasizing

Question 25

palliative treatment

Answer 25

aims to keep the individual comfortable and to give them the best quality of life for the remainder of their time

Question 26

debulking

Answer 26

a process where part of a tumor is removed through surgery, and the rest is treated with chemotherapy or radiation - usually done for tumors too large or in a location where they cannot be taken out completely