Cellular Changes

Question 1

atrophy

Answer 1

decrease in the size of cells due to a decrease in function demand

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in the size of cells due to an increase in functional demand

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in the number of cells due to an increase in functional demand and/or increased stress

Question 4

metaplasia

Answer 4

mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, typically due to increased stress

Question 5

dysplasia

Answer 5

change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and/or structure typically due to increased stress; considered to be pre-cancerous

Question 6

anaplasia

Answer 6

undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures; can imply more advanced cancer; irreversible

Question 7

neoplasia

Answer 7

tumor; irreversible

Question 8

ischemia

Answer 8

lack of blood flow

Question 9

hypoxia

Answer 9

lack of oxygen

Question 10

free radical

Answer 10

an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that contain and unpaired electron; damages cell membrane, DNA, etc.

Question 11

hydropic swelling

Answer 11

cellular swelling due to accumulation of water

Question 12

necrosis

Answer 12

cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living organism

Question 13

coagulative necrosis

Answer 13

characteristic of ischemia

Question 14

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 14

occurs when some of the cells die, but lysosomal enzymes are not destroyed; characterized by formation of abscesses and cysts that are liquefied inside

Question 15

fat necrosis

Answer 15

death of adipose tissue usually due to trauma

Question 16

caseous necrosis

Answer 16

lung damage that is secondary to tuberculosis; dead cells persist indefinitely

Question 17

gangrene

Answer 17

cellular death in a large area of tissue

Question 18

dry gangrene

Answer 18

form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue

Question 19

wet gangrene

Answer 19

form of liquefactive necrosis typically found in internal organs but also can be seen outwardly; spreads quickly and has no strict line of demarcation

Question 20

gas gangrene

Answer 20

results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium); formation of gas bubbles in damaged tissue

Question 21

apoptosis

Answer 21

programmed cell suicide to get rid of damaged, warn-out cells