Neoplasia 4 Flashcards
What does the tumour STAGE show?
It is a measure of overall burden of a malignant neoplasm
How is tumour stage determined?
TNM staging which is converted into the 4 different stages
What does TNM stand for?
T= size of primary tumour N= extent of regional lymph node involvement M= metastatic spres via blood
What does a stage 1 malignant neoplasm show?
Early local disease
What does a stage 2 malignant neoplasm show?
Advanced local disease (N0, M0)
What does a stage 3 malignant neoplasm show?
Regional metastasis (N1 or more with M0)
What does a stage 4 malignant neoplasm show?
Advanced disease with distant metastasis (M1)
What is the staging system used for lymphomas?
Ann Arbor staging system
What is the importance of tumour staging?
Gives a good idea as to which treatment should be given
What does the tumour GRADE show?
The degree of neoplasm differentiation (G1-G4)
Define adjuvant treatment
Treatment given after surgical removal of a primary tumour to eliminate subclinical disease (micrometastasis)
Define neoadjuvant treatment
Treatment given prior to surgical excision to reduce the size of the primary tumour
List a few treatments for malignant neoplasms
-Surgery
-Radiotherapy
-Chemotherapy
-Hormone therapy
-Targeted treatments of specific molecules
Immunotherapy
Describe radiotherapy as a treatment for malignant neoplasms
Kills proliferating cells by targeting apoptosis or interferes with mitosis
- causes direct or free radical induced DNA damage, detected by checkpoints causing apoptosis
- can also lead to double stranded DNA breaks thus damaged chromosomes cant enter M phase
Why is radiotherapy given in fractioned doses?
To minimise normal tissue damage
